BIOM 3010 Midterm 1 (Bones & Muscles)

Body Plane: Cranium to Tail

Cranial to Caudal
(centre of head to tail)

Body Plane: Rostral to Caudal

Nose to Tail
(from the nose to the back of ear ish)

Body Plane: Deep to Superficial

Skin to centre of area

Body Plane: Back to Front
(Spine to belly button)

Dorsal to Ventral

Body Plane: Proximal to Distal

Towards body to Away from the body
(Top of leg to toes)
(Base of tail to tip of tail)

Sagittal Plane

Midline Plane (divide into left and right)
Cutting cow in half like in "Under the Dome"
nose to tail

Parasagittal Plane

Para=beside
Same as sagittal but just to the left or right of it by any distance
(infinite number of these)

Body Plane: Lateral to Medial

Medial= towards sagittal plane

so away from to close to sagittal plane

Frontal Plane

Divides body into Dorsal (spine) and Ventral (front) sections
Cutting a hotdog longways

Transverse Plane

cross section
Divides body into Cranial and Caudal sections

Cephalized

Having brain and sense organs (taste, smell, hear) in the head

What is meant by most bodies being bilaterally symmetrical?

Most bodies demonstrate symmetry on the left and ride side of them.

What is in the thoracic cavity?

Lungs and Heart
-more cranial

What is in the abdominal/peritoneal cavity?

urogenital & most digestive systems
-more caudal

pectoral limb (paired limb)

fore limb

pelvic limb (paired limb)

hind limb
(whales dont have this, they only have a tail)

what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity?

diaphragm

what are "potential spaces"

spaces where organs usually touch, only separated by fluid

what does the serous membrane do and where is it?

-allow for smooth organ movement (so they can expand and contract like when breathing or stomach when eating)
-continuous layer of cells that produce a watery fluid that **lubricates between surfaces in the cavity**

serous membranes are named according to position: one type is the ______________ membrane which lines the outer walls/sides of cavities (cavity surface)

parietal

what does the parietal pleura cover?

covers the thoracic cavity

the parietal ________________ covers the abdominal/peritoneal cavity

peritoneum

serous membranes are named according to position: visceral membranes line ________________________________

the organs **within** the cavity

the visceral pleura lines the __________ in the thoracic cavity

lungs and heart
**lines organs themselves**

visceral peritoneum lines all the organs in the _______________ cavity

abdominal/peritoneal
**lines organs themselves**

the thoracic cavity is bounded by
1.
2.
3.
4.

ribs
vertebrae
sternum
diaphragm

T or F: the parietal pleura lines the lungs

false! it lines the thoracic cavity, the visceral pleura lines the lungs itself

mediastinum resides within the __________ cavity,
1. what is it?
2. what does it contain (5 things)?

thoracic cavity
-potential space formed by parietal pleura called **mediastinal pleura**
-contains heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus

what is mediastinal pleura

parietal pleura lining the middle zone of the thoracic cavity

what is the function of connecting peritoneum

-double folds of peritoneum that suspend organs
-place for blood vessels/nerves to go

found in parietal and visceral cacvities

T or F connecting peritoneum do NOT touch the wall of the body or the organs

true!

what is the pleural cavity

fluid filled *potential* space that surrounds the lungs, in between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura

the pleura are like a sandwich: on lungs its the visceral pleura first (on the lung), then the pleural cavity (fluid filled potential space between), then the parietal pleura (lines the walls of the thoracic cavity)

Types of connecting peritoneum: mesentary, its also a rich area for

suspends the intestines
rich area for blood

Types of connecting peritoneum: _________________ suspends the stomach

lesser omentum
**smaller**

Types of connecting peritoneum: greater omentum
a _______ storage site

suspends the stomach
**larger**
fat storage site

Types of connecting peritoneum: falciform ligament .. connects _______ to ________

suspends the liver and connects to diaphragm

the connecting peritonea hold the organs in place primarily on the _________ side so they can move on the ventricle side

dorsal

label this photo

8 things to label
slide 14/15 of 2nd lecture

what does the caval foramen do

caudal vena cava
major vein that brings everything from lower body to the heart

T or F the central tendon does not contract

true

what does the aortic hiatus do

bring blood to the lower part of the body

what does integument mean and what is its function

skin
protection, sensory detection, secretion, fat storage, thermoregulation, communication

what special derivatives are in the skin

hair
footpads
claws, nails and hooves
baleen (in some whales)
armadillo osteoderms
rhinoceros horn

label this picture

function of epidermis

barrier on top to protect dermis
multiple layers of flat squamous cells

we are always shedding surface cells from the ___________ layer of the skin

epidermis

T of F: epidermis contains blood vessels and nerves

False!

the deepest layer of the _________ undergoes continual removal

epidermis

what is in the dermis

-dense connective tissue (cells and extracellular products)
- hair follicles and glands
-nerves
-blood vessels

what do the blood vessels and nerves in the dermis supply blood to

the epidermis

T or F hair is only found on mammals

true!

what is the difference between guard hairs and wool hairs

guard hairs are thick, long and stiff
wool hairs are thin, short and soft

guard hairs form the outer protective coat
wool hairs form the inner insulating coat

guard hairs and erected by the arrector pili muscles
wool hairs just rise when the guard hairs do

when bissy the kitten gets scared, the _____________ muscle raises their guard hairs

arrector pili

what does the sebaceous gland do in a hair follicle

secrete grease that lubricates and protects hair

T or F, the thickness from wool hairs is constant over time

false, it varies with season as animals shed

what are vibrissae, their location and their function

whiskers
primarily on the face
provide sensory tactive information

T or F, guard hairs are thicker than vibrissae

false, whiskers are thicker

why shouldn't you pull on whiskers

the follicle is surrounded by nerve endings

label this photo of vibrissae on a seals face (think of what part of face in particular)

S=supraorbital
R=rhinal
M=mystaciak
bottom one is labial

what is Lanugo hair and when does it exist

short, very thin, fetal hair
in utero from 3 months-birth

T or F Lanugo hair is unpigmented

false, it is slightly pigmented

what is Vellus hair and where is it

short, thin
unpigmented
found across the body, particularly in children

Relatively long, thick and pigmented hair is called __________ hair. Where is it found?

Terminal
scalp, eyelashes, eyebrows, facial hair, pubic hair

T of F: Terminal hair is an intermediate between guard and wool hair

true!

are sweat glands are coiled or straight? and the distribution varies btw, w cats sweating from paws

coiled

what do mammary glands do

modified sweat glands
produce milk

what is mammal milk made of

watery mixture of fats, carbohydrates and proteins)

label this pic

mammary glands, milk ducts, nipple

Label this pic

top:gland parenchyma
bottom: lactiferous sinus

where does the elastic fascia in between a cows udders come from

the tunica flava

the dense connective tissue on the outside of an udder comes from:

the abdominal wall

acetabulum

the cup-shaped hollow in the hipbone into which the head of the femur fits to form a ball-and-socket joint

process

protuberance

fossa

a depression

glenoid

concave articular surface (where bones meet)

articular surface

The surface of a joint at which the ends of the bones meet

trochlea

end of humerus, attaches to ulna

groove permitting a tendon to pass over as a pulley

capitulum

"head"
one on humerus attaches to radius

tubercle, trochanter, tuberosity

raised round protuberance, usually for muscle attachment

condyle

rounded projection, meeting w other bones

infra- and
supra-

infra=below
supra=above (supraglenoid is above the glenoid)

epi-

above

facet

small articular surface

acromion process

head of the scapula

angle of the mandible

ramus (back of lower jaw) and body meet
very pronounced in the large animals
continued as the small angular process

what 2 types of skeleton are in the axial skeleton, and what is in them

cranial skeleton (skull, mandible (lower jaw), hyoid apparatus (bones which suspend the tongue and larynx
postcranial axial skeleton (verterbrae, rib cage and sternum)

what two types of limbs are in the appendicular skeleton

pectoral limb
pelvic limb

what makes up the pectoral limb (forelimb)

pectoral girdle- scapula
pectoral limb bones- humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges, sesamoids

what makes up the pelvic limb (hindlimb)

pelvic girdle - pelvis(ilium, ischium, pubic)
pelvic limb bones - femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges, sesamoid bones (patella, knee cap)

what are the five regions of the vertebral column and what do they do

cervical- vertebrae supporting the head and forming the neck
thoracic- vertebrae supporting the rib cage
lumbar- vertebrae of the back, supporting the abdomen
sacra- fused vertebrae articulating w the pelvis
caudal- vertebrae supporting the tail (fused in humans to form coccyx)

centrum

the main body of a vertebra
-weight-bearing portion
-located ventrally
-drum shaped
-has demi facets for attachment of ribs in the thoracic spine

what is the only verterbrae to lack a centrum (body)

C1

neural arch

big arch

extends dorsally from the centrum, consists of a pedicle and lamina from both the left and right sides

vertebral foramen

big hole

vertebral canal
large space enclosed by the centrum and neural arch, forms the vertebral canal for protection of the spinal cord

spinous process

**tall peak**

neural spine
projects dorsally from the neural arch **towards back**
can be straight or inclined forwards or backwards

transverse process

WINGS

project laterally to each side of many vertebrae
reduced with facets for attachment of ribs in thoracic vertebrae
contain transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae

interverterbral discs

**in between discs**
attach the centra (bodies) of adjacent vertebrae together. Formed of fibrous tissue surrounding a gel-like core, they provide ** flexibility and shock absorption** to the vertebral column

articular process

synovial articukations
stabilize verterbral column

cranial articular processes

project from **neural arch**, with their articular surface facing *dorsally*