AP Psychology SEMESTER 1

Semester Exam

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Learning

The purpose of Albert Bandura’s bobo doll experiment.

Observation Learning / Modeling

Pavlov’s experiment on dogs

Classical Condtioning

Your dog sits because he knows you’ll guve him a treat.

Neutral condtioning / operant conditioning

The bell in Pavlov’s experiment

Neural stimulus that leads to conditioned stimulus

The dog salivating to food

unconditioned response

When a response reappears after becoming extinct

spontaneous recovery

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat and also exhibited fear to a white rabbit

Generalization

Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Behaviors that are rewarded will be repeated

What method would you use to teach your dog to bring you your slippers

Shaping

Getting an A on your test after you’ve studied for weeks is what kind of reinforcement?

Positive reinforcement

Taking Tylenol to relieve your headache

Negative reinforcement

What type of reinforcer is food?

Primary

What type of reinforcer is money?

Secondary/ condtioned

What reinforcement schedule are slot machines on?

Variable ratio

What reinforcement schedules is getting paid every two weeks?

Fixed interval

Spanking a child for bad behavior is what type of reinforcement?

Positive punishment

Taking away car keys after your child breaks cerfew is what type of reinforcement?

Negative punishment

Part of a neuron that receives messages.

Dendrites

What is the function of myelin sheath?

The fatty tissue that protects axon.

What type of neuron carries messages from sensory receptors to the brain.

Sensory neurons

What are afferent neurons?

Sensory

What are efferent neurons?

Motor

What happens to neurontransmitters in the synpase that are not reabsorbed by axon terminals

They reuptake

What are the functions of acetylcholine?

Enable muscle action, learning, and memory

What are the malfunctions of acetylcholine when there is not enough?

Alzheimer’s

What are the functions of dopamine?

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.

What are the malfunctions of dopamine when there is too much?

Scitzophrenia

What are the malfunctions of dopamine when there is not enough?

Parkinson’s

What are the functions of serotonin?

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

What are the malfunctions of serotonin when there is not enough?

Depression

What are the functions of Norepinephrine?

Helps control alertness and arousal.

What are the malfunctions of norepinephrine when there is not enough?

Depressing and deterioration of mood.

What are the functions of GABA?

Major excitatory neurotransmitter

What are malfunctions of GABA when there is too little?

Seizures, termors, and insomnia

What are the functions of glutamate?

Major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory.

What are the malfunction of glutamate when there is too much?

Overstimulation of the brain, bringing migraines or seizures.

What are the functions of endorphins?

Influence the perception of pain or pleasure.

What are the functions of endorphin when there is too much?

Oversupply with optiate drugs can suppress the body’s natural endorphin supply.

Chemical messengers of endocrine system

Hormones

Nervous systen responsible for fight or flight response

Sympathetic

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems are a part of what

Peripheral nervous system

What brain scan measures the level of glucose in active brain regions?

PET scan

What scan measures electrical activity in the brain

EEG

Brain region responsible for emotions

Limbic system

Brain regions responsible for arosusal and alertness

Reticular formation

What part of the brain helps with formation of new memories

Hippocampus

Lope responsible for vision

Occipital Lobe

Lobe responsible for hearing

Temporal lobe

Lobe responsible for judgement, planning, etc.

Frontal lobe

Connects the two cerebral hemispheres

Corpus Collosum

Specialty areas of the brain located in the cerebral cortex

Association areas

What are left brain specializations?

Language and speech, better judgment.

What are right brain specializations?

Face recognition, creativity.

A split brain patient is presented with an apple on the left side and a pencil on the right side, when asked what they say and have to vocally respond what would they say?

“I saw a pencil” Visually it was on the right side but the language center is on the left when transmitted.

A split brain patient is presented with an apple on the left side and a pencil on the right side, when asked to point with their left hand to what they saw what would they point to?

An apple, they see and process the left side without having to vocally answer.

A split brain patient is presented with an apple on the left side and a pencil on the right side, when asked to point with their right hand to what they saw what would they point to?

A pencil, they see and process the right side without having to vocally answer.

What is the point of studying identical twins?

They had the same egg, comparing nurture vs. nature.

What brain waves are associated with being awake and alert?

Beta waves

What brain waves are associated with deep sleep?

Delta waves

What brain waves are associated with relaxed but awake?

Alpha waves

How long does the average sleep cycle last?

90 minutes

Stage we do most our dreaming in?

REM

Dream theory that makes sense of random neurons firing

Activation synthesis theory

Freud’s dream theory

Latent vs Manifest - Understanding our inner conflicts

What us latent content?

Understanding the unconcious underlying reasons for dreams

What is manifest content?

The apparent and remembered storyline of dream

Alchohol, Opiates, and babituates are what kind of drugs?

Depressants - Slow down nervous system

Caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines are what kind of drugs?

Stimulants - Speed up nervous system

Morphine and heroin are what types of drugs?

Narcotics

Nicotine is what type of drug?

Stimulants

Nervous system is split up into two categories, what are the two.

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

CNS is responsible for what?

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system is split into what categories?

Autonomic and Somatic

What two categories do the autonomic split into?

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

What does the parasympathetic nervous system bring?

Calming affects.

What does the sympathetic nervous system bring?

Fight or flight response

Dr. Taio conducts basic research on the effects of head injuries on people’s problem solving and abstract-reasoning skills. Which psychological specialty does her research best represent?

Biological psychology

Dr. Lipka is involved in an applied research study of customer satisfaction with a newly developed line of facial cosmetics and other beauty aids. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) _______ psychologist

Industrial Organizational psychologist

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a

Psychiatrist

For no apparent reason, Adam has recently began to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be most beneficial for Adam to see a ______ psychologist

Clinical

Dr. Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. Dr. Veenstra is most likely a________ psychologist.

Social

Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children’s moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely Dr. Santaniello is a __________ psychologist

Developmental

Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson’s research best represent?

Biological psychology

Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between shy and outgoing people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely a _______ psychologist.

Personality

Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults’ language skills with theur capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a _____psychologist.

Cognitive

Mr. Kay is intersted in whether individual differences affect learning. Mr. Kay is most likely a ______ psychologist.

Educational

Mr. Brown uses her knowledge of a person’s cognitive processes to design computer programs that are easier to use. Mr. Brown is most likely a _____ psychologist.

Human factors

The psycholgist who would be most likely to participate in devising ways to improve teaching and learning in a classroom would be a ____ psychologist.

Experimental

The psycholgist most likely to hekp an attorney make selections of jury members is a ____ psychologist.

Forensic

A student who has a strong background in statistics, and who does not want to work as closely with patients would be an ideal candidate to become a _____ psychologist.

Psychometric

Dr. Welker decided on his career path after seeing two of his grandparents ecperience Alzheimer’s disease. Because he now works in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, he must be considered a______

Neuropsychologist

When a professional golfer continued to struggle with her swing, she consulted Dr. Ozak, who helped her learn new strategies to help improve her performance. Dr Ozak is most likely a ____ psychologist.

Sports

Robert wants to pursue a degree in a field in which he could help people learn how to change their lives, such as determining what career best suits them. The subfield that is most applicable to this area is ______ psychology.

Counseling

Dr. Preston is a specialist who goes to areas that have been hit by natural disasters and works with teams there to manage the resulting crises among the members of the public who have been affected. Dr Preston is most likely a ______ psychologist.

Community

The subfield of psychology that provides contributions to the prevention and treatment of illness is known as _____ psychology.

Health

Behavioral Pyschology

How we learn observable responses. Fearing objects or certain situations, most effective ways to alter behavior

Cognitive Psychology

How we encode, processm and store informatio. Using information in remembering, reasoning, and solving problems.

Evolutionary Psychology

How the natural selection of traits promote the perpetuation of one’s genes. Evolution influences behavior tendancies.

Social Cultural Psychology

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. Each different race is alike as a human being but different ways to live.