PSY 3342 FINAL REVIEW

ICU psychosis

a form of delirium that occurs when people lose track of time, days, etc. when stuck in a hospital setting

When are the highs of marriage?

Before children and after empty nest

Primary symptoms of NCD

impairment in memory; decline from previous functioning; causes disability or distress

Multiple etiologies of NCD

-Alzheimer's
-vascular
-Lewy body
-Prion disease
-Fronto-temporal
-Parkinson's
-Huntington's
-HIV
-TBI
-substance/medication induced

Delirium

acute, short-term, rapid onset of disturbance of consciousness (involving memory, disorientation, and attention)

Sundown syndrome

can be individuals with dementia; in the evening, they may become disoriented and agitated

Neurocognitive disorder

also called dementia; characterized by impairments in memory and other primary symptoms

Alzheimer's

described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906; A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions.

Aphasia

without speech

Apraxia

without movement

Agnosia

not knowing; don't recognize people close to you

Famous people who died of Alzheimer's

Robin Williams

Brain pathology of NCD

bet-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are characteristics of people with NCD

Genetics of NCD

there is no single Alzheimer's gene but there are various mutations on three chromosomes that cause early-onset Alzheimer's

Cognitive reserve

the extra brain power or cognitive capacity that some people can fall back on as aging and diseases such as Alzheimer's begin to take a toll on brain functioning

Detrimental factors to NCD

epigenetics factors, TBI, unhealthy lifestyle

Protective factors to NCD

cognitive reserve, healthy lifestyle

Vascular dementia

form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain; progresses in a "stair step" manner

Doris and Dorothy Wynne

identical twins but one has Alzheimer's while the other doesn't

Clinical death

cessation of heart and lung activity; could be reversible

Biological death

death of cells, tissues, and organs; irreversible

Total brain death

irreversible loss of functioning in the entire brain, both higher centers and lower centers that control basic life processes

Coma

state where there is some brain activity; may be temporary or permanent

Most sensitive organ to deficient oxygen

the brain

Living will

not a legal document; "If I am found to have an irreversible, non-curable condition..."

Durable power of attorney

legal document that gives someone else the ability to decide for you

Healthcare DPA

allows someone else to make important healthcare decisions when you cannot

Financial DPA

allows someone else to control your financial matters (bank accounts, etc.) if you cannot

DNARs

do not attempt resuscitation; doctor's orders

Active euthanasia

doing something to deliberately bring about death

Passive euthanasia

allowing death to occur

Euthanasia continuum

withholding treatment, withdrawing support, causing/hastening death

Withholding treatment

no CPR, no advanced life support, not on a respirator, no feeding tubes

Withdrawing support

when to stop treatment; "pull the plug" on ventilator

Causing/hastening death

assisted suicide, lethal injection, depressing respiratory drive

Dr. Kevorkian

known as Dr. Death; first physician to perform assisted suicide

Brittany Maynard

women who performed her own assisted suicide due to her terminal brain cancer; medicine was prescribed by a physician but administered by herself

First state to legalize assisted suicide

Oregon

Hospice

care for terminally ill patients with 6 months or less to live

Palliative care

hospice care; taking care of the whole person—body, mind, spirit, heart and soul—with the goal of giving patients with life-threatening illnesses the best quality of life they can have through the aggressive management of symptoms

Universality of death

ages 3-5; death is inevitable and happens to all living things; but it may be temporary and reversible; think they will be cold and hungry in their coffin

Irreversibility of death

ages 5-7; death can't be undone

Finality of death

ages 5-7; cessation of life and all life's processes; everything stops

Biological causality of death

ages 11-12; death is failure of internal biological processes

Kubler-Ross stages of loss

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Denial

patient believes they are mis-diagnosed and that they an be cured

Anger

patient shows anger at God, loved ones, medical professionals, or themselves

Bargaining

patient hopes to postpone death; may pray

Depression

death seems to be a reality and they feel great sadness

Acceptance

acknowledgement of one's situation, mental preparation for death

Interacting with dying person

create a comfortable environment, be present, don't avoid the topic of death, the person may be worried or feel like a burden

Average cost of funeral

$3,000-$5,000

Purpose of a funeral

declares that a death has occurred; celebrated and honors the life of deceased; allows family and friends to pay tribute

Memorial at Ferrell Center

held for 13 fireman who died in a fertilizer plant explosion

Chromosome 21

responsible for formation of beta-amyloid precursor protein

Chromosome 1 and 14

presenilin 1 and 2; part of gamma-secretase which cuts proteins into soluble products; early onset cases

Chromosome 19

overproduction of beta-amyloid

Phoneme

- A basic unit of sound
- The sound system of the language
- Corresponds to letters of the alphabet

Define language

A communication system in which a limited number of symbols can be combined according to agreed upon rules to produce an infinite number of messages

Any language has about how many phonemes?

40 to 80

What is an example of a phoneme distinction?

The r and l distinction in Japanese
Rice and lice sound the same

Semantics

- The relationship between words and things
- Things that change the meaning of words

Smallest unit of language that carries meaning

Morpheme

Example of a morpheme

The parts "un-" "break" and "-able" in the word "unbreakable"

Generative grammar

- Mental set of rules
- A code to translate between orders of words and combinations of thoughts
- Enables us to get the correct information from the words: Who did what to whom

Syntax

Arranges words into sentences

Word order

How to put words together to form sentences

What is an example of syntax in different languages?

English order - Adjectives first before nouns
Spanish order - Nouns first

Lexicon

Personal dictionary in your head

Modulating morphemes express what?

Tense: past, present, future

Prosody

- Change the sound, change the meaning
- The melody, phrasing, timing, emphasis

Word segmentation

Ability to detect a target word in a stream of speech

Pidgin

- Makeshift combination of two languages for practical tasks
- No grammar
- No consistent word order
- No prefixes or suffixes
- No tense

Creole

- Full complex language with grammar
- Produced by children exposed to Pidgin
- Kanzi (bonobo or pygmy chimp)
- Is a true language

What are the brain areas for language?

Broca's area: speech production and articulation
Wernicke's area: speech comprehension

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

The axons connecting Broca's area to Wernicke's area

What function does the right hemisphere do?

The right hemisphere is much better at deciphering prosody and accentuation

Pragmatics

- Talking to and with someone
- Acknowledging the audience
- Turn taking
- Language in social context

What is the LAD?

Language Acquisition Device
- Enables infant to acquire and produce language

Who came up with PAD

Pinker/Chomsky

What is SVO & SOV?

Subject Verb Object
Subject Object Verb

Child-directed speech

- The speech adults use with infants and young children
- Short, simple sentences spoken slowly in a high pitched voice

What else was child-directed speech called in lecture?

- Motherese
- Infant Speech Register

Child-directed speech is used in a dynamic social context - this helps infants and children understand how language is used, but also why?

To share ideas and communicate within one's social group

Expanding

Re-wording a child's utterance, which may be incomplete or short, into a complete sentence

Recasting

Correcting learners' errors in such a way that communication is not obstructed

Echoing

Children learn to use language by repeating what they hear around them

Labeling

Describing someone or something in a word or short phrase

Joint attention

Two people paying attention to the same thing, intentionally and for social reasons

Language development
Birth

- Various cries
- May mimic style of language
- Expression of emotional state
- Cries may have 'melody' of language

Language development
3-5 weeks

- Cooing
- Repetition of vowel like sounds
- oooo, aaaa, eeee
- Practicing with voice

Language development
4 months

- Babbling
- Consonant + vowel
- Play with words
- dadada, bababa

Language development
7 1/2 months

- Word segmentation: in a string of sounds, they can pick out a target word
- Which syllables usually go together
- ALL phonemes recognizable

Language development
8-10 months

- Jargoning
- Advanced babbling with intonations
- Keep phoneme discrimination only for the ones they hear (lose phoneme discrimination for sounds they do not hear)

_________________ is ahead of production

Comprehension

Comprehension

Receptive language

Production

Expressive language

Language development
One year

- One word
- Household language
- Holophrases
- Syncretic speech

What are some examples of household language?

- Food
- Body parts
- Routines
- Social
- Modifiers

Holophrases

May use word plus gesture, intonation, emphasis and/or context to convey meaning