RPH Reviewer 1

Primary Source

A testimony of an individual who was a participant in or a direct witness to the event that is being described.

1. Directly address the topic and provide information that is unavailable elsewhere

2. Design your own experiment

Advantages of a Primary Source (2)

1. May be too close to the subject, lacking critical distance

2. Consuming to prepare, administer, and analyze

Disadvantages of a Primary Source (2)

Autobiography

Memoir

Diary

Personal Letter

Correspondence

Interview

Survey

Field Research or Fieldwork

Photographs and Posters

Work of Art

Paper

Types of Primary Source (11)

Secondary Source

Interprets and analyzes primary sources.

1. Provide a variety of experts' perspectives and insights

2. Quality of sources like scholarly articles

3. More efficient than planning, conducting, and analyzing primary sources

Advantages of Secondary Source (3)

1. Dig to find applicable information

2. Information may be colored by the writer's own bias or faulty approach

Disadvantages of Secondary Source (2)

Bibliographies

Biography

Periodicals

Literature review

Review Article

Survey articles

Academic publication

Film review

Book review

Types of Secondary Sources (9)

Content Analysis

According to one definition, it is a methodical, repeatable research method for grouping numerous text categories based on coding principles. Used in studying documents and communication artifacts from various formats, picture, audio or video.

Content Analysis

Quantify patterns in communication in applicable and systematic manner.

Content Analysis

"Any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages" (Holsti 1969)

Content Analysis

It is logical and based on the truth.

Content Analysis

Contains main ideas and specific information that support the main idea.

1) Which data are analyzed?

2) How are they defined?

3) What is the population from which they are drawn?

4) What is the context relative to which the data are analyzed?

5) What are the boundaries of the analysis?

6) What is the target of the inferences?

According to Krippendorff (1980), these six questions must be addressed in every content analysis.

Specifics

What does "Which data are analyzed?" refer to?

Meanings

What does "How are they defined?" refer to?

Source

What does "What is the population from which they are drawn?" refer to?

History

What does "What is the context relative to which the data are analyzed?" refer to?

Scope

What does "What are the boundaries of the analysis?" refer to?

Goal

What does "What is the target of the inferences?" refer to?

1. When a sizable portion of the population's documents are missing.

2. Inappropriate records should be deleted, but a record of the

reasons for doing so should be retained.

3. Certain texts may meet the criteria for analysis but simply be impossible to code because they lack passages or have unclear content (GAO, 1996).

Three issues that may arise when documents are put together for content analysis.

Dictionary Based Approach

Quantitative Approach

2 approaches of content analysis

Dictionary Based Approach

Context Analysis approach that controls the distribution of words and is done by creating a list of categories from a frequency list

Quantitative Approach

Context Analysis approach that assess relationships between variables

Written

Oral

Iconic

Audio-Visual

Hypertext

5 types of text

Written Text

Type of text that includes books and various papers.

Oral Text

Type of text that includes speech and theatrical performance

Iconic Text

Type of text that includes drawing, painting, icons, and images

Audio-Visual Text

Type of text that includes those present in TV programs, movies, videos files

Hypertext

Type of text that includes texts found on internet, such as from websites, blogs and news sites

Conceptual and Relational Analysis

Types of Content Analysis

Conceptual Analysis

Type of content analysis where the concept to be chosen and the number of text occurrences are noted

Conceptual Analysis

It is the central idea of content analysis

Conceptual Analysis

The establishing the existence and frequency of concepts in a text that are most frequently expressed by words or phrases

Conceptual Analysis

The breaking of contents of materials to meaningful and pertinent information

Selective Reduction

Process of "coding"

Relational Analysis

Type of content analysis that is said to be time-consuming

Relational Analysis

Type of content analysis that maintains a high degree of statistical rigor without losing richness of detail

Relational Analysis

It goes a step further by looking at the connections between ideas in a text

Coding Manual

Produced to accompany coding schedule; listing code for each category

Coding

Process of describing and organizing elements of content using categories

Reliability

The stability or consistency of data over a period of time. It is also literally, the extent to which we can rely on the source of the data. and, therefore, the data itself.

Validity

The applicability and relevance to the issue, as well as how strongly and directly it is linked to the concepts under consideration.

Reproducibility

The tendency for a group of coders to classify categories membership in the same way

Accuracy

The classification of text correspond to standards or norm statistically

1. Looks directly at communication via text or transcript

2. Allow both quantitative and qualitative operations

3. Provide valuable historical insights over time

4. Allow closeness to text that can alternate specific categories and relationship

5. Interpret the text for purposes like the development of an expert system

6. Analyze interactions

7. Provide insight to human thought and language use

8. Relatively exact research method.

Advantage of Content Analysis

1. Time-consuming

2. Subject to increased error

3. Attempts liberally to draw meaningful inferences

4. Reductive

5. Too often to simply word counts

6. Disregard the context that produces the text

7. Difficult to automate or computerize

Disadvantages of Content Analysis

1. Test a source is to determine anachronistic document.

2. Determine the author's handwriting, signature or seal.

3. Determining authenticity of by looking for anachronistic style.

4. Anachronistic reference to events.

5. Provenance or custody of the document.

Process of Test of Authenticity

Semantics and Hermeneutics

Other two tests of authenticity

Semantics

The linguistic study of meaning.

Hermeneutics

More than interpretation or method used when immediate comprehension fails

1. Identification if the author

2. Determine approximate date.

3. Know the witness' ability to tell the truth

4. Know the willingness of the eyewitness to tell the truth.

5.Look for corroboration

Process of Test of Credibility

Documents

Numerical Records

Oral Statements

Relics

Basic Categories of Historical Sources (4)

Historical Research

Its purpose is to examine events of the past to understand the present

Historians

They use primary sources and other evidence and compromise the techniques and guidelines

Idealism

It deals with the belief that history can be described in terms of ideas

Artifacts

It refer to objects, tools, artworks, and other physical items that were created, used, or modified by humans in ancient or historical times

Prehistory

It is the study of the past, even before writing was invented and written records were maintained

Herstory

It is written from a feminist perspective, emphasizing the role of women

Oral History

Historical discipline of the collection and study of historical information about individuals, families, important events, or everyday life using audiotapes, videotapes, or transcriptions of planned interviews

Historical Source

Original source that contains important historical information

Narrative/Literary

Diplomatic/Juridical

Social Documents

Written Sources of History

Narrative/Literary

Written source of history that are chronicles presented in narrative form

Legal/Juridical

Written source of history which are legal documents that are sealed or authenticated

Social Documents

Written source of history which are records kept by bureaucracies

Material Evidence

Oral Evidence

Non-written sources of History

Pottery

Jewelry

Dwellings

Graves

Churches

Drawings

Paintings

Material Evidences

Tales

Sagas

Folk Songs

Interviews (Present- Day)

Oral Evidences

Historicity

The authentication of characters in history like legend or myth

Historicism

Its approach premises that the autonomy of the past must be respected

Relativism

A belief that there is no absolute truth and that all views and readings are valid

Chronology

The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence

Historiography

The study of how historical recording and interpretations of the same events shift with time as a result of many different factors

History

The study of the past that is being documented and recorded. History is also defined as a series of happenings from different aspects

1. Catolonan

2. Mangagauay

3. Manyisalat

4. Mancocolam

5. Hocloban

6. Silagan

7. Magtatangal

8. Osuang

9. Mangagayoma

10. Sonat

11. Pangatohojan

12. Boyoguin

Customs of the Tagalog (12)

Catolonan

Either a man or woman, rule general in island.

Mangangauay

Witches who deceive by pretending to heal the sick

Manyisalat

Has the power of applying remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise their own wives

Mancocolam

Their duty was to emit fire from himself at night at himself once a month.

Hocloban

Can kill whom they choose without medicine or by saluting or raising a hand.

Silagan

Whose office it was, if they saw anyone clothed in white, to tear out his liver and eat it, thus causing his death.

Magtatangal

shows himself at night to many persons, with his head or entrails only. In the morning it returns to his body

Osuang

Equivalent to "sorcerer;" they say that they have seen him fly, and that he murdered men and ate their flesh.

Mangagayoma

Makes charms for lovers out of herbs, stones and wood which infuse the heart with love, deceive people, sometimes through intervention of devils, they gain their end.

Sonat

Equivalent to "preacher." It was his office to help one to die, at which time he predicted the salvation or condemnation of the soul.

Pangatohojan

A soothsayer and predicts the future.

Boyoguin

Signified a "cotquean," a man whose nature inclined toward that of a woman

Emilio Jacinto

Isang Heneral ng Pilipinas sa panahon ng Rebolusyong Pilipino. Isa siya sa mga pinakamataas na opisyal ng Rebolusyong Pilipino at ng Katipunan.

Andres Bonifacio

tinaguriang supremo, ang pinakamataas na tungkulin sa Haring Bayan. Pinangunahan niya ang Rise of Katipuneros.

Andres Bonifacio

"The Father of the Philippine Revolution."

Gomburza (Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora)

They were executed in the Cavite Mutiny

Declaration of Philippine Independence

Was proclaimed by Filipino revolutionary forces general Emilio Aguinaldo on June 12, 1898, in Cavite el Viejo (present-day Kawit, Cavite), Philippine

Emilio Aguinaldo

Proclaimed the Declaration of Philippine Independence

June 12, 1898

Date of Declaration of Philippine Independence's Proclamation

Cavite el Viejo (present-day Kawit, Cavite), Philippines

Place of Declaration of Philippine Independence's Proclamation

Hong Kong

Place where the Philippine Flag was made

Marcela Agoncillo

Lorenza Agoncillo

Delfina Herboza

3 Women who made the Ph Flag

Marcha Filipina Magdalo

Performed at the Declaration of Philippine Independence

Julián Felipe

Composed the Ph National Anthem

San Francisco de Malabon marching band

Played the Ph National Anthem