Anatomy Wack Chapter 1

biology

the study of life

what are the functions that all living things do (5)

responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, and metabolism

responsiveness

adapt to the changes in the environment

what is responsiveness also called

irritability and adaptability

growth

cell increase ex: o-> oo-> ooo

what are the three parts of cell theory

1. all living things are made of cells 2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function 3. all cells come from preexisting cells

reproduction

makes generations, involves DNA

what are the two types of movement

internal and external

internal movement

transport of food and wastes

external movement

moves through the environment

metabolism

all chemical reactions

what does metabolism include

absorption of materials from the environment

what are the different parts of metabolism

respiration, excretion, digestion, and circulation

what does respiration mean in terms of metabolism

absorb, transport, and use natural gases

what does excretion mean in terms of metabolism

waste removal

what does digestion mean in terms of metabolism

break down food into chemical pieces

what does circulation mean in terms of metabolism

moves materials

anatomy

"cutting open"

what does anatomy refer to

the structures

what are the two types of anatomy

gross and microscopic

gross anatomy

macroscopic and visible to the naked eye

microscopic (fine) anatomy

uses microscopes to see structures

Cystology

study of individual cells

histology

studies tissues and organs

physiology

how structures function (down to the chemistry involved)

pathology

studies the effects of diseases

wht are the different levels of organization

chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

what is the chemical level

atoms + molecules

what is the cellular level

cells can specialize and do very specific things

what is the tissue level

similar cells work together to perform a specific function

what is the organ level

two or more tissues working together

what is the organ system level

organs intereact

organism

organ systems work together

what are the 11 organ systems

1.Integumentary System 2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System 4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System 6. Cardiovascular System
7. Lymphatic System 8. Respiratory System
9. Digestive System 10.Urinary System
11. Reproductive System

integumentary system (skin)

covers, protects, cools

skeletal system

support, protection of soft tissues; minerals, movement

muscular system

movement, main source of heat for the body, support

nervous system

react to stimulus, adaptation to environment

Endcocrine system

production and release of important fluids includes secretions, repro, response, etc.

cardiovascular system

transports cells, nutrients, wastes, and gasses

lymphatic system

defends against infection and disease, maintains tissue fluids (through bloodstream)

respiration

exchange of gasses

digestive system

get energy, breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, eliminates waste

urinary system

elimination of water, alt, waste

reproductive system

asexual- budding, cloning sexual- gametes 1N (half the DNA)

Homeostasis

maintaining a stable internal environment

what does homeostatic regulation involve

receptors, control center, effector, and a set point

what does a receptor mean in terms of homeostatic regulation

recognize a stimulus and provide info to control center

what does a control center do in terms of homeostatic regulation

it receives and processes information from receptors

what does an effector do in terms of homeostatic regulation

causes a response to change the conditions back to "normal" or "ideal" setting

what does a set point mean in terms of homeostatic regulation

the "normal" value or state or ideal setting

what are some examples of homeostatic regulation

thermostat in the house, yawning, or sneezing

what two things can feedback be

positive or negative

negative feedback

causes a response in the opposite direction to correct the situation

is thermoregulation positive or negative feedback

negative feedback

thermoregulation

control of body temperature

in thermoregulation how is heat produced

by chemical reactions (metabolism)

how is heat lost in thermoregulation

lost through skin

what do receptors in the skin detect in thermoregulation

they detect changes from the set point (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit)

if your temperature is high what happens in thermoregulation

two effectors are activated

in terms of thermoregulation where are smooth muscles

in the wall of blood vessels

in terms of thermoregulation what do the blood vessels do to cool you down

they widen or dilate and allow more blood flow past the skins surface

in terms of thermoregulation what does sweating cause

evaporative cooling

when sweating during thermoregulation what happens when the set point is reached

effectors go back to normal levels

what happens during thermoregulation if the temperature is too low

blood vessels constrict, shivering, and arrector pili are activated

what happens when blood vessels constrict during thermoregulation

it keeps blood away from the skin which keeps vital organs warm

shivering

involentary contraction of skeletal muscles to make heat

what happens during thermoregulation when arrector pili are activated

tiny muscles attached to each hair contract and stand the hair upright causing a heat and insulation barrier to be formed

positive feedback

a stimulus that causes a response in a positive direction or that reinforces or strengthens that stimulus

is most feedback in the human body positive or negative

negative but there are a few examples of positive

what is positive feedback involved in

blood clotting where more and more chemicals are released from the vessel walls until a clot is formed (therefore the set point is reached --- no leaks)

examples of positive feedback

labor and delivery, blood clotting

how is labor and delivery positive feedback

uteruses go through contractions that become more and more frequent and more intense until the set point is reached (baby out)

anatomical position

hands at sides with palms forward and feet together

supine

face up in the anatomical position

prone

face down

abdominopelvic quadrants

four sections that intersect at the naval

abdominopelvic regions

nine divisions

anterior

front

ventral

belly or anterior (front) of human

posterior

back or behind

dorsal

back or posterior in humans

cranial or cephalic

the head

superior

above or towards the head

caudal

the tail (coccyx in humans)

inferior

below

medial

toward the bodys axis

lateral

away from the axis (toward the sides)

proximal

toward a attached base (closest to the attachment)

distal

away from the attached base (farthest away from the attachment)

superficial

close to the body surface

deep

farther from the body surface

transverse (cross-section)

cuts the body into superior and inferior portions

frontal (coronal)

divides the body into anterior(ventral) and posterior(dorsal)

sagittal

divides into left and right pieces

midsagittal

divides evenly in half from the head to pubis (bilateral symmetry)

what are body cavities and what do they do

they are internal chambers that protect and suspend organs and permit changes in size and shape of organs

ventral body cavity (coelom)

the big "hole" that holds all the internal organs

diaphragm

muscle sheet that divides the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities

viscera

internal organs