THEME 1: MARITIME AREAS AND GEOPOLITICS AT THE HEART OF A GLOBALIZED WORLD

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Maritime areas

internal waters, territorial seas, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones (EEZs) the continental shelf and the high seas

Global trade

the exchange of goods or services between individuals, organizations, or governments of different nations

trade blocs

enter into different types of agreements with respect to their trade policies. These types of agreements are generally referred to as trade blocs, where a group of countries agree to reduce or eliminate trade barriers (such as tariffs and quotas) These agreements have internal rules that the members of the group follow to govern behavior among themselves. They will also have external rules that the members follow for dealing with non-members.

FDI

foreign direct investment
When a company (normally a TNC) in one country makes an investment in another
country. This investment could be buying a business or factory in another country,
or expanding their own business in that country.

remittance

flows of money sent by migrant workers back to their home country.
They are the private savings of workers and families that are spent in the home country
for food, clothing, and other expenditures, and which drive the home economy.
(eg remittance from migrant workers from the Philippines abroad is equivalent to about
9% of total Philippines GDP)

global products

products that are produced and consumed worldwide, involving a
global production process
eg jeans, coffee

global brands

brands that are known and sold in all or most parts of the world by
companies that are known worldwide (eg iPhone, Nike sportswear, McDonalds, Levi
jeans...)

glocalisation

giving a global product a local flavor eg Coca Cola adds more caramel
to its drink in the UK to suit the British 'sweet tooth'; Ford Motor Company produces
more brightly coloured vehicles (yellow, red, bright blue) for the Indian market than
it does for the west European market

outsourcing

when a company contracts another company to provide it with
obtain goods or services. TNCs use this process to reduce their production costs
and facilitate production by outsourcing to companies in countries where the
labour is cheaper and laws (labour laws and environmental laws for example) are
less stringent.
eg Apple (a US TNC) outsources iPhone production to Foxconn, a Taiwanese
company which in turn has factories in Shenzhen in China

NIDL

the New International Division of Labour
The spatial shift of manufacturing, associated with the growth of transnational
corporations and the deindustrialization of the advanced economies. The most
common pattern is for research and development in more economically developed
countries (usually HICS and increasingly MICs/NEEs) and cheap, less skilled labour
in LICs. Products are then sold worldwide.

migration

movement of people from one place to another

core and periphery countries

divides the world into two major world regions: the "core"
and the "periphery." The core includes major world powers and the countries
that contain much of the wealth of the planet. The periphery contains those
countries that are not benefitting to the same extent from global wealth and
globalisation

globalization

MONDIALISATION: The increasing interconnectedness of the world economically, politically, socially and culturally + based on international flows of finance, people, goods, services and information + Constantly evolving - a process, rather than a state

international economic integration

progressive change from an international economy based on bilateral exchanges of goods and services between nations and states to a multinational economy (post WWII and emergence of US as a global superpower, emergence of postwar Europe, decolonisation (emergence of independent sovereign states))

Wuhan in China since covid

(international airport, international students); economical (trade), social and cultural, political interconnection Since 1980s; China joins the global marketplace, significant politico-economic factor responsible for increased globalization; the role of China (and her population of 1.4 billion), China's post-Mao 'open door' policy, China laws played and increasingly important role in the global market, as producer and consumer

essential in the movement of people during the colonial period

transportation of around 17 million people between the 16th and the 19th centuries; USA, Canada and Australia are examples of countries which are largely populated as a result of mass migration from Europe using maritime routes

flows of migrants

2 million migrants crossed the Mediterranean in small vessels and makeshift crafts in 2015 alone

submarine communications cables essential in data dissemination

first telecommunications cable (1858) and now 1.3 million km of submarine cables (enough to circle the globe 32 times) help provide the 'web' and transport 99% of data between continents

cable with highest data transit speed

Marea cable co financed by Facebook and Microsoft

40% of submarines communications cables

set bc of demands from GAFAM

RCEP

free trade agreement among the Asia-Pacific nations of Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The 15 member countries account for about 30% of the world's population

ASEAN

Association of South East Asian Nations

APEC

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

BRICS

Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement

CIS

Commonwealth of Independent States

COMESA

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

maritime transport .... % of the volume of all world trade

80%

growing importance in maritime areas and routes

reductions both in the costs and time

growth in maritime transport in recent years

twice as fast as global economy itself; grown over 4 times since the 1970s

invention of container ships

1950s + specialization of certain types of ship helped growth in world trade

Containers

standardized metal boxes and this has meant that loading and unloading container ships is a very efficient process, relying largely on computerized system

largest container port

Ningbo-Zhoushan in China

cargo ships

super-tankers, bulk carriers; specialized for carrying certain types of cargaisons

containerisation

slower than other means of transport but cheaper over long distances because it allows for vast quantities of merchandise to be transported in one vesse

global hubs

key maritime areas and global cities
\=\> South China seas, strait of Malacca
\=\> London, Singapore

intermodal containers

these container units can be used across different types (modes) of transport (eg on a ship, then onto a train and/or lorry/truck) without unloading and reloading the cargo/freight

Technological developments in transport and communication in the 19th century

led to the development of TNCs (19th Century : railway, telegraph and steam ship / 20th Century: jet aircraft and containerisation)

reducing transport costs per unit output

products are affordable for customers in a distant market, setting up a new flow of goods/information

90% of trade

transported using maritime routes; In 2020, 815.6 million TEUs of containers were handled in ports worldwide

From 2011 to 2021, the number of container ships across the world increased by

around 11%

leading container ship operators worldwide

MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Co - Italian), Maersk (Danish), COSCO (Chinese), CMACGM (French), Hapag Lloyd (German)

Advantages of containerisation (5)

speeds up trade and reduces costs + Intermodal containers + easily mechanized + Reduced labor costs + Fewer losses from theft

Problems of containerisation (4)

pollution + collision with wildlife + getting rid of old ships (ship breaking/ scrapping) + containers lost at sea

Social and environmental impacts of ship breaking

Low-paid and dangerous work (2018 over 30 reported deaths) + Environmental damage: ship carcasses are left to rust and rot on the beaches

Maritime route

obligatory points of passage, which are strategic locations that act as chokepoints (or bottlenecks). Physical constraints (coasts, winds, marine currents, depth, reefs, ice) and political borders also play an important role in shaping maritime routes.

main drivers/key players/actors in globalization

TNCs, Trade blocs, Supranational organizations and Governments

Less protectionism/market liberalization

trade barriers reduced by supranational organizations like WTO. Rising living standards/converging consumer cultures: growing consumer power within MICs and LICs has enabled TNCs to increase their markets (+ TNCs sometimes help ppl from

Digital communication

ideas are spread more quickly, facilitates the role of the international infinite number of maritime shipping routes that can be used for commercial circulation, but the configuration of the global system is relatively simple: a circum- equatorial corridor linking North America, Europe and Pacific Asia through the Suez Canal, the Strait of Malacca and the Panama Canal (bulk of the traffic) + Transatlantic and transpacific traffic concerns a wide variety of ports, so there are numerous routes

primary chokepoints

Panama Canal, Cape of Good Hope, Bab el-Mandab, Suez Canal, Strait of Gibraltar, Strait of Malacca, Bosporus, Strait of Hormuz

world's busiest ports

Shanghai, Singapore, Shenzhen, Ningbo-Zhoushan, Busan, Hong-Kong... + Rotterdam, Hamburg, Los Angeles (40% in China, 30% in East Asia, 6% in Middle East and Africa, 4% US, 15% EU)

coastal zones of major international importance

SW and NE American coastline + Northern Range (EU) + Asia-Pacific

piracy zones

South China Sea (Singapore) + Indian Ocean + above Madagascar before Bab-el Mandeb

3 first state w biggest EEZs

US, UK, FR

maritimisation

constant growth in the use of maritime resources + ever-increasingly important role played by maritime routes and areas in the flows which constitute globalization

offshore oil resources

the Gulf of Guinea, the Gulf of Mexico and the South China Seas

global average of fishery

2.3 tonnes per year and Aquaculture is booming (asian market)

Marine landscapes

28 million cruises in 2019; the Caribbean and the Mediterranean

link between maritimization, globalization and concentration of $ activity and population on coastlines

resources (fish, wind and oil) found in the seas + growing importance of maritime routes

why some parts of the coastline of greater strategic importance than other

bc some maritime areas are partly enclosed which leads maritime traffic to be concentrated in canals and straits

why are the maritime routes like that

to connect production and consumption, hubs and markets using the safest and quickest ways possible

arctic shipping routes lucratives

40% quicker from Northern Europe to Japan than through Suez Canal

problems of arctic shipping routes

environmental problems + ship abandoned bc of ice

Maersk

Danish TNC, the world's largest container shipping company

why is the northern sea route so important to russia

30% of Russian GDP depends on the Arctic, "an essential corridor to extract and transport resources to Asia and Europe." + Ships sailing through the NSR (Barents Sea to Bering Strait) need permission from Russian authorities. Russia collects transit fees and provides escorting icebreakers

China's investments in New shipping routes

developing infrastructure along Arctic coastline in Russian waters

arctic shipping routes most lucrative for

fossil fuel transportation bc no need for intermediate stops + less piracy, congestion and geopolitical instability

challenges of ASR

threats to the environment (marine life and wildlife + water pollution from fuel discharge), accessibility, issues about ownership and possibility for increased global conflict, indigenous communities

IMO

International Maritime Organization: have set up Polar Code to promote safer ship travel

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

extends up 200 nautical miles from a coast; a nation has sole rights to the ocean and seabed resources in its EEZ

UNCLS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

1982

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone was formally Adopted

East of Gulf of Mexico

Mexico, Cuba and the USA

Svalbard archipelago

Norway and Russia dispute fishing and mining rights

South China Sea and the Spratly Islands

China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines

south China seas advantages

fishing 12% of the world global fishing and natural gas (employment, exploitation of ressource) + who gets the money from the transit (1/3 of the world's shipping passes through it) -\> 3$ trillions

Nine-Dash Line

the line which the People's Republic of China drew on its own to represent its claims on the South China Sea. This claim was rejected by The Hague's Permanent Court of Appeals. -\> 80% of the South China Sea

Most common route for oil deliveries

Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Malacca: 2 billion tons of petroleum are shipped around the world each year

connectivity of shipping networks

depend on natural barriers; straits and canals + interoceanic canals

vulnerability of chokepoints

blockages due to accident, terrorism, piracy, or war

Closure of a maritime chokepoint

disruption of trade flows and even the interruption of some supply chains: justify construction of military naval assets (Opération Sentinelle "promote maritime stability, ensure safe passage, and de-escalate tensions in international waters throughout the Arabian (Persian) Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, the Bab el Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Oman"

European Maritime Awareness in the Strait of Hormuz (EMASOH)

EU-led initiative to protect strait of Hormuz

March 2021

Suez Canal was blocked for six days; prevented an estimated US$9.6 billion worth of trade

Suez Canal Crisis (1956)

Egypt's dictator, Abdul Gamal Nasser, a former army officer who had led the coup that overthrew King Farouk, nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, and was attacked by British, French and Israeli forces. The U.S. intervened on behalf of Egypt. Damaged Britain and France's standing as world powers.

Suez Canal

artificial waterway of about 190 km, Isthmus of Suez in north eastern Egypt which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Gulf of Suez, first excavated in 13th century before JC, and constructed between 1859 and 1869 by FR and Egyptians, Britain bought it in 1874, nowadays fully loaded ultra-large tankers can't take it, 78 ships a day (15ù of maritime trade)

closure of the Suez Canal between 1967 and 1975

bc of Six Days War between Israel and Egypt and the subsequent invasion of the Sinai Peninsula by Israel

Egypt earning from Suez Canal fees

5,61 billions in 2020

Panama canal

saving about 13,000 km, 5% of global maritime trade and about 12% of the American international maritime trade, constructed between 1904 and 1914 by American engineers at a cost of $387 million, 35 ships per day

Panama Canal Treaty

1978 - Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

Strait of Malacca

bulk of the maritime trade between Europe and Pacific Asia, 30% of the world's trade and 80% of Japan's, South Korea's and Taiwan's imports of petroleum transits through the strait, requires dredging bc barely deep enough for ships above 300,00 deadweight tons, political stability and piracy issues, 25% of the global shipping

Strait of Hormuz

strategic link between the oil fields of the Persian Gulf, conflict of islands (Iran, United Arab Emirates), 85% of all the petroleum exported from the Persian Gulf transits through for Asian markets and 75% of all Japanese oil imports transit through

Tanker War 1984-1987

Iran and Iraq, firing on tankers, even neutrals, bound for their respective ports

Strait of Bab el-Mandab

controls access to the Suez Canal, a strategic link between the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, forcing a detour around the Cape of Good Hope

Oresund Strait

Denmark and Sweden connecting the North Sea and the Baltic, Russia, the Baltic States, Poland, and Germany to access international maritime shipping

Strait of Gibraltar

British control since treaty of Utrecht 1713

Strait of Bosphorus

Black Sea to the Mediterranean Ocean, growing strategic importance, notably since the fall of the Soviet Union, Ukraine (exporter of grains and iron), most difficult passages to navigate, particularly for larger ships, problem of oil exploitation bc of risk of collision and oil spill

Strait of Magellan

used to be secret to assure supremacy of Portugal and Spain for the Asian trade of spices and silk, now lost strategic importance

Cape Good Hope

lost strategic importance, Latin America and East, South and Southeast Asia have incited the growing use of the Cape route and of South Africa as a transshipment hub

france EEZ

largest in the world after US 10.8 million km2, 20x metropolitan FR

France islands (19) account for 97% of FR EEZs

Pacific (French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, Clipperton) , the Atlantic (French Guyana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Barthelémy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre et Miquelon) and in the Indian Ocean (the Reunion islands, Mayotte and the French Southern and Antarctic Lands Terres australes et antarctiques farnçaises - TAFF)