PH 381

Exam 1

Where did she work before coming to WKU?

27 yrs at Barren River District Health Dept.

community

a group of people who have a common characteristic

public health

actions that society takes collectively to ensure that the conditions in which people can be healthy can occur

Personal Health activities

eat wise

Herd immunity

a great % of the population has a great immunity

Physical Factors (that can effect health of a community)

Geography

1500-1700 was known as...

the renaissance and exploration era

This time period was the rebirth of what?

thinking about the nature of the world and of human kind

1796

Dr. Jenner demonstrated the process of vaccination against smallpox

1850

Shattuck health report- written health report for the state of Massachusettes and it outlined the public needs for that state

The shattuck health report did what?

marked the beginning of the modern era of public health

1854

outbreak of cholera in London-Dr.John Snow

Dr. John Snow did what?

that the disease was spread by the drinking water at the Broad Street pump

What did snow do about the situation?

He removed the handel off the pump and the epidemic stopped

1906

upton Sinclair wrote the book the jungle

what did this book do?

drew attention to the problems in the meat packing industry-caused greater gov. regulation of the food industry

1920s

the period of the 20th century that the first professional preparation program for health educators began

The new deal was...

unsuccessful

1935

social security of 1935 was passed

What did the social security act do?

the beginning of out governments major involvement in social issues including health

Healthy People 2020 vision

a society in which all people live long healthy lives

Examples of community health concerns in the 21st century

health care delivery- environmental problems

communicable disease

remain a concern b/c they are the primary cause for missed days from work and school

health disparities

differences in health among different populations

United Nations Millineum Declaration

this doc. guides the plans for improving global health challenges in the 21st century

government health agencies are primarily funded by

tax dollars

WHO is not the \___ but the \____ and most visible international health agency

oldest

largest

the department of health and human services has the main responsibility of...

improving the health in U.S.

There are more agencies than...

the Dept of health and human services

administration on aging

carries out provisions of the older Americans Act of 1965

Super Fund legislation was created to deal with...

the clean up of hazardous substances in the environment

CDC (centers for disease control and prevention)

1) maintains records
2) analyzes disease trends
3) publishes epidemiological reports on all types of diseases

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

is a leading medical research center and the federal focal point for medical research in the U.S.

state health agencies utilize the care function of public health

1) assessment
2)policy development
3) assurance

10 essentials of public health

1) monitor health
2) diagnose and investigate
3) inform

example of a state mandated service

inspection of restaurants

local health officers has the power to...

arrest someone who refuses their treatment for a communicable disease

A school's potential to make significant contributions to community health is enormous because...

school attendance is required throughout the U.S.

Quasi- Governmental Health organizations

example is the American Red Cross

Non-governmental health agencies

prmarily funded by private donations

voluntary health organizations were created...

in america-exist at national

professional health organizations

their mission is to promote high standards of professional practice

philanthropic foundations

they have money to give away

the main reason for corporate involvement in community health is due to...

provision of health care benefits to employees

acute diseases

can be communicable or non communicable

chronic diseases

can be communicable or noncommunicable

what are examples of chronic diseases that are communicable

AIDS and tuberculosis

examples of chronic diseases that are noncommunicable are

diabetes

pathogenicity

capability of a communicable agent to cause disease in susceptible host

chemical agents that can cause disease include:

drugs

Simplified Communicable Disease Model

in the shape of a triangle with agent at one point

agent is what...

the pathogen that must be present to cause disease to occur

Host is either...

human

The environment is...

all other factors that inhibit or promote disease transmission

the chain of infection

a step by step model used to visualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host

chain of infection steps

pathogen

zoonoses

disease for which the reservoir is animal populations

portal of exit

the path by which an agen leaves the host

portal of entry

where the agent enters a susceptible host

modes of transmission

can be direct or indirect

direct means

an immediate transfer of disease agent between the infected and susceptible individuals

indirect transmission means

disease transmission involves an intermediate step

example of indirect

airborne such as influenza and tuberculosis
vehicleborne such as food

our nations leading cause of death is

diseases of the heart and blood vessels

the is no single best way to...

prioritize prevention and control efforts

when health officials prioritize prevention and control efforts they use data from...

leading causes of death

primary prevention

example: health education and health promotion programs

secondary prevention

example: health screenings. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment before disease becomes advanced and disability severe

tertiary prevention

aimed at rehabilitation: to retrain

primary prevention of communicable diseases

individual example: hand washing

incubation period

period between exposure to a disease and the onset of symptoms

individual modifiable risk factors for noncommunicable disease:

smoking

individual unmodifiable risk factors for noncommunicable disease:

race

a primary care physician is concerned with the course of a disease in an...

individual

epidemiology

population medicine

epidemiologists are concerned with course of disease in a...

population

epidemic

unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness

endemic

disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course

pandemic

outbreak over wide geographic area

History of Epidemiology

date back to hippocates 300 B.C.

cases

people afflicted (those who are sick)

rates

number of events in a given population over a given period of time or given point in time

morbidity rate

measures sickness

incidence rate

number of new health-realted events or case

attack rate

incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak

expressed as percentage

prevalence rate

number of new and old cases in a given period of time

acute disease

last 3 months or less

chronic disease

last 3 months or more

crude rate

denominator includes the total population

crude birth rate

number of live births in a given year divided by midyear population

crude death rate

number of given deaths from all causes divided by midyear population

notifiable disease

info. reported to local public health dept. is not highly accurate (some don't get reported)

Monthly vital statistics report

vital statistics are summaries of records of major life event

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance system (BRFSS) example

National Health Care Survey (NHCS)

BRFSS is

state based telephone survey of civilian non-institutional adult population age 18 over that collects information about the prevelence of high risk behavior

descriptive studies

describes epidemics with respect to person

point source epidemic curve

a single source causing the problem

propagated epidemic curve

shows the distribution of cases traceable to multiple sources of exposure