Section one: Biological Molecules Summary

Section one

What type of glucose is amylose made of

Alpha glucose

What type of glucose is amylopectin made up of

Alpha glucose

What type of glucose is cellulose made up of

Alpha Glucose

What are the two types of enzyme inhibitors

Competitive and non-competitive

How do Competitive inhibitors, inhibit enzyme action

Competitive inhibitors occupy the active site so that the substrate cannot enter the active site and form an enzyme-substrate complex

How do Non-competitive inhibitors, inhibit enzyme action

Non-competitive inhibitors occupy a binding site which is not the active site. The inhibitor alters the shape of the enzyme so that the enzyme is no longer able to function

What are the names of the Bases for DNA

thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine

What are the names of the bases for RNA

Uracil, Adenine, guanine, cytosine

What type of sugars are in DNA and RNA

Pentose sugars:
Deoxyribose (DNA)
Ribose (RNA)

What are the enzymes present in DNA replication

DNA Polymerase and DNA Helicase

What type of replication is DNA replication

Semi-conservative

What type of Bonds hold the complementary bases together in DNA

Hydrogen bonds

How many Hydrogen bonds hold Adenine and Thymine together

Two

How many hydrogen bonds hold Cytosine and Guanine together

Three

What temperature is optimum for enzymes

37°C

What are Triglycerides made up of

1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids

What is a phospholipid made up of

1 Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids + 1 Phosphate group

What are enzymes

Globular proteins which act as Catalysts within reactions

What holds first degree proteins (primary structure) together

Peptide bonds between amino acids

How does the structure of the second degree protein form? (secondary Structure)

Hydrogen bonds form between the C=O and -NH groups within the peptide chains

what Shape is a secondary protein

an Alpha Helix

What bonds hold a third degree protein together (tertiary structure)

Ionic bonds form between amino and Carboxyl groups uninvolved in peptide bonds

Hydrogen bonds which are numerous but easily broken

Disulfide bridges which are fairly strong and are therefore not easily broken

What is the structure of a fourth degree protein (quatenary structure)

Multiple peptide chains are involved and are linked together in various ways

prosthetic groups are involved

What are prosthetic groups

Non protein groups that are present within a Quatenary protein

What factors affect enzyme action

temperature
pH
Concentration of enzyme
Concentration of substrate

How does temperature affect enzyme action

As temperature increases, kinetic energy increases (molecules move more rapily and therefore collide with higher frequency)

What happens to an enzyme if the temperature is too high

The bonds holding the shape if the active site break and the enzyme denatures

how does pH affect enzyme action

A change of pH alters the shape of the acctive site

What happens if the change in pH is too drastic

If there is a significant change in pH the bonds holding the tertiary structure of the protein (which hold the shape of the active site) break, this causes the active site to become deformed and the enzyme is now denatured

What is pH

the measure of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution

how do you calculate pH

pH= -log10

what is the shape of DNA

Double helix

What does a nucleotide molecule contain

• Base

• Phosphate group

• Pentose sugar

How stable is DNA

Very stable

Why is DNA a stable molecule

The phosphodiester backbone protects the more chemically reactive organic bases

hydrogen bonds link the organic bases forming rungs between the phosphodiester uprights

what is the name of the reaction through which monomers are joined up into polymers

Condensation

What is the name of the reaction through which polymers are broken up into their monomers.

Hydrolisation

What type of glucose molecule is this

Alpha glucose

What type of glucose molecule is this

Beta Glucose

How is maltose formed

through the condensation reaction between two glucose molecules

How is sucrose formed

Through the condensation reaction between a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule

How is lactose formed

Through a condensation reaction between glucose and galactose

what do fatty acids contain

• A carboxyl group

• Hydrocarbon chain represented by R

What is Glycerol made up of

• 3 carbons

• An alcohol group attached to each carbon

what is Photo Phosphorylation

The synthesis of ATP from ADP within Chlorophyll organelles during photosynthesis

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation

The synthesis of ATP from ADP within Plant and animal cells during respiration

What is Substrate-level phosphorylation

The synthesis of ATP from ADP through the transfer of Phosphate groups from donor Molecules

What does ATP stand for

Adenosine Triphosphate

What does ATP contain

• Ribose

• Adenine

• Phosphate groups

what is the role of DNA Polymerase within DNA replication

Reforms Phosphodiester bonds between nucleotide molecules after the complementary bases have been bound together

What is the role of DNA helicase within DNA replication

Breaks down the hydrogen bonds present between complementary bases

Why is ATP used as a short term source of energy

It is not able to be stored unlike other energy sources such as carbohydrates and fats (lipids)

How does ATP release energy

through the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP

in what ways is ATP used

• metabolic processes

• movement

• active transport

• secretion

• Activation of molecules

Which Polysaccharides are branched

Amylopectin and Glycogen

Which Polysaccharides are unbranched

Amylose and Cellulose

What is the order (colours) for concentration of sugars in the Benedict’s test

Blue, green, yellow, orange, Brick red

Which sugars are reducing sugars

Monosaccharides and some disaccharides

What is added and then heated with Benedict’s solution to test for non reducing sugars

Dilute hydrogencarbonate