AP Euro Chapter 27

catherine the great

russian authoritarian leader

Metternich

austrian foreign minister who promoted conservatism and monarchies

Totalitarianism

a radical dictatorship that excersices total claims over the beliefs and behaviors of its citizens by taking control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society.

Total War

A war effort that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people

soviet communists

group that wanted to create an international brotherhood of workers, a communist utopia of sorts.

stalinism

Communist system in the soviet union under Stalin where the state used force to destroy the upper and middle classes. Soviet Communists strove to create an international brotherhood of workers where class differences would supposedly disappear, free of capitalist inequality

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition. Ruled Russia during WW2.

Fascism

movement and political system that prioritizes expansionist nationalism, anti-socialism, a violent leader, and glorification of war and miltitary (mussolini and Hitler)

eugenics

A pseudoscientific doctrine that maintains that the selective breeding of human beings can improve the general characteristics of a national population, which helped inspire Nazi ideas about "race and space" and ultimately contributed to the Holocaust.

Racial Hygiene

the idea that a race must be purified through the use of selective breeding, sterilization of undesirable races, and laws forbidding marriage between races. it was used by the Nazis who attempted to emilinate those of "lesser value"

primo levi

an Italian Holocaust survivor who became an influential witnesses to the Holocaust and its death camps and coined the term "gray zone"

Gray Zone

defined questions surrounding everyday life in totalitarian society. was terror or material rewards more important to gain popular support? when did people resist tyranny?

Vladimir Lenin

establishd the foundation of a modern totalitarian dictatorship

Kronstadt Rebellion

event led by rioting peasants and workers who previosly supported Bolshlevism until industrial production broke down and the economy plummeted. Let to Lenins establishment of the new economic policy

War Communism

used by russan leaders in World War I. government control of banks and most industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Communist control

New Economic Policy

Lenin's successful economic reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry. abilished by stalin.

Joseph Dzhugashvili

Stalin's real name

Leon Trotsky

contender for rule after lenins death. led the red army to victory in the russian civil war. military mastermind

socialism in one country

stalins idea that the soviet union cold build socialism on its own

Permanent Revolution

Trotsky's belief that socialism could only succeede in russia if a socualist revolution swept through europe.

Five Year Plan

A plan launched by Stalin in 1928, and termed the "revolution from above," aimed at modernizing the Soviet Union and creating a new Communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity. stalin replaced the new economic policy for this

Collecivization of agriculture

the forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large state-controlld enterprises in the USSR under stalin

Kulaks

The better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms; many of them starved or were deported to forced-labor camps for "re-education."

Gosplan

the State Planning Commission which oversaw Stalin's series of five year plans. they set production goals and controled deliveries of food and goods

Magnitogorsk

(Magnetic mountain city) that was located in the ural mountains it was a hastily built industrial city with terrible living condions

Socalist realism

russian intelectuals instructed by stalin to exalt the lives of ordinary workers and glorify russian nationalism (basically rewrite history from stalins eyes it was a form of propaganda)

Ivan the Terrible

first tzar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war

Peter the Great

This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army.

Marxist-Leninism

Communist theory as derived from the writings of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and their successors, which criticizes capitalism as a cause of class struggle, the exploitation of works, colonialism, and war (the new russian "religion")

Museums of Atheism

russian gov persected those who practiced religion and transformed the churches and places of warship into these..

Sergi Kirov

a top soviet official who was mysteriously killed. stalin who was probably behind his murder blamed it on "fascst agents". he used this incicent to launch a purge within the communist party of all those he suspected as traitory to solidify his power

great purge

Stalin's campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened his power

Old Bolsheviks

promenint leaders who had been part of the russian party since the russian rev who confessed to plotting against stalin and were executed

Mussolini

his supporters were the first to call themselves fascists

Italian Socialist Party

mussolinis party that followed the bolshlevik example, radicle workers began occupying factories and seizing land. made up of catholics, socialists, conservatives, and property owners who were opposed to the libral government

union of forces

fascist is the italian word for...

Black Shirts

A private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy.

victor emmanuel III

King of Italy who gave Mussolini legitimacy as dictator as he disliked the libral regime

electoral law

mussolini tricked the italian pariliament into passing this law that gave two thirds of the parliament representatives to the party that won the most votes. it allowed the fascists to win majority

Giacomo Matteotti

leading socialist politicion who was kidnapped and murdered by fascist extremists. mussolini (who ordered his death) used the incitent to pass repressive laws and make a nation of fascists

"Everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state"

mussolinis famous slogan

Lateran Agreement

A 1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as an independent state, with Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support in return for public support from the pope.

Cult of the Duce

An Italian media campaign of newspapers, radio, and film that portrayed Mussolini as a powerful strongman who embodied of the best qualities of the Italian people.

national german socialism

other word for nazism

nazism

national german socialism

National Socialism

A movement and political party driven by extreme nationalism and racism, led by Adolf Hitler; its adherents ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 and forced Europe into World War II.

austria

where did hitler spend his childhood

vienna

where did hitler learn about social darwinism

German Workers Party

hitler was crushed by germanys loss in WW1 so he joined this extremist group in munich. this group denoounced jews, marxists, and democrats. they promised to abolish the unjustices of capitalism to establish a peoples community

national socialist gernman workers party

what nazis stand for

Beer Hall Putsch

Hitler's attempt, in 1923, to overthrow the Weimar Republic when he fired his pistol in the ceiling of a Munich beer hall. unsuccessful

Mein Kampf

a book by hitler "my struggle" where he outlined his ideas of racial purification and territorial expalsion that would define national socialsim. hitler claimed that germans were the master race who needed to defent their "pure blood" from "racal degenerates"

Lebensraum

"living space"- hitlers vision where germans would use war and colonize to conquer eastern europe to replace the "subhumans" and make more room for germans

Führer

Adolf Hitler's title as chancellor and head of state in Germany.

great depression

event that led national socialism to gain popularity

Reichstag

German popular Parliament

Chancellor Heinrich Bruning

government official who tried to overcome the german economic crisis by cutting back gov spending and forcing down prices and wages. this led to worsened economic conditions and led to voters believing that the countrys republican leaders were corrupt leading to more support for hitler

Enabling Act

an act pushed though the reichstag by the nazis that gave hitler absolute dictatoral power for four yeard

german labor front

nazi controlled unions

Nazi Storm Troopers (the SA)

The quasi-military band of 3 million toughs in brown shirts who had fought communists and beaten up Jews before the Nazis took power. They expected top positions in the army and even talked of a second revolution against capitalism and an equal german society

SS

Hitler's elite security force and personal guard who arrested and executed many SA leaders and other political enemies. governed the concentration camps

Coordination

nazi policy that forced existing institutions to conform to national socialist ideologies

hereditarily ill

one of the two nazi categories of racial hygene. peolpe with chroinic physical or mental disabilities.

asocials

one of the two nazi categories of racial hygene. criminals, acoholics, prostetutes, beggers...

German Society for Racial Research

wrote studies that measured and defined racial differences. led to predjucices to seep into medical science

sterilization laws

under these laws nazi workers sterlized 400,000 herditarily ill and asocial germans so their "degenerate blood" wouldnt pollute the aryan race

Euththanasia

so called "mercy killings" of germans with chronic disabilities

professional civil service restoration act

banned Jews from working in government jobs

Nuremberg Laws

laws that classified jewish as anyone having three or more jewish grandparents, outlawed marraige or sexual relations between jews and germans, and it deprived jews of all rights of citizenship

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass pogram) when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Aryanization

Hitler's plan to create an entire race of Aryans, Jews were fired from their jobs and expelled from school in order to cleanse the community

Volksgemeinschaft

"People's Community" for racially pure germans; Nazi attempt to control all aspects of lives with secret police, massive rallies and parades and heavy censorship; wanted to spread ideologies so began Hitler Youth Programs to encourage kids to turn in disloyal adults; also gave loans to people for reproduction of the Aryan race. led to nitonal pride and belonging

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. germany withdrew uner hitler

Appeasement

The British policy toward Germany prior to World War II that aimed at granting Hitler whatever he wanted, including western Czechoslovakia, in order to avoid war.

Treaty of Locarno

France and Germany agreed not to make war and to respect borders of France and Belgium; Germany admitted to League of Nations. hitler violated

Rome-Berlin Axis

the alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler)

Spanish Civil War

war in which germany and italy intervened and provided military support for general francis franco and his fascist movement against democracy

general francis franco

led the Fascists in the spanish civil war, fighting republican forces. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). he ruled spain until his death

Anchluss

german anexation of austria to establisb greater germany

Neville Chamberlain

british prome minister who worked with the french and hitler and agreed to let hitler take over the sudetenland in czechoslovakia.he believed it would lead to peace but it didnt

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939. they defeated poland and the uSSR got their portion of it as well.

Battle of Dunkirk

after germany got denmark, norway, and holland, they broke into france through southern belgium and split the british-franco forces and trapped the british army on the northern french coast. germany defeated france and britain who retreated across the english channel and france was taken under nazi control

Axis Powers (1940)

germany, italy, japan, romania, hungary, bulgaria

balkans and britain

the only two places that remained unconquered by hitler in 1940

battle of britain

in july, 1000 german planes a day attacked british airfields and key factories. hitler turned from military bombing to bombing british cities to lower morale. churchill kept morale high and GB increased plane produciton. and by october GB won by overpowering Germany 3-1 in the air. after this loss, hiter turned to occupy greece and the balkans and he broke his nonagression pact with russia.

Leningrad and Moscow

During World War II, two russian cities that were surrounded and besieged by German forces, which cut off all supplies going into the city and trapping the people inside. russia was able to pull through with the help of winter

New Order

Hitler's program based on racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the Nordic peoples; the French, an "inferior" Latin people, occupied a middle position, and Slavs and Jews were treated harshly as "subhumans."

nordic people

Dutch, Norwegians, and Danes who under the new order received preferential treatment as hitle believed they were related to the aryan race

Marshal Henri Philippe Petain

french ww1 general who formed the vichy (new french gov)in central and south france (hitler had paris in the north) that adopted national socialism and handed the french jews to hitler

Polish Home Army

The Polish nationalist resistance group that fought German occupation during WWII. this group was the most successfull of the resistances. they were headed in london and sabotoged germany by giving this group inside information. after hitler was defeated they staged an uprising to take the city for themselves and establis indepencence from the soviets

Lidice, Czechoslovakia and Oradour France

the SS, in responce to the resistances, captured and tourtured and killed resistance members. they wiped out the male population of these two places.

Holocaust

The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews and other groups deemed racially inferior during the Second World War.

euthanasia

mercy killings that let nazis a step toward genocide. these campaigns were halted by church leaders and familes so the nazis took their knowledge from those camps and used it to build the camps in the east

Ghettos

walled in sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live in crowded, unsanitary conditions without work or sustenance

Warsaw and Lodz

2 largest ghettos in Poland where over 500,000 died

Special Task Forces (Einsatzgruppen)

military death squads systematically moving from town to town shooting Jews and other target populations. murderred over 2 million civilians

Final Solution to the Jewish Question

A Nazi code phrase referring to their systematic plan to murder every Jewish man, woman, and child in Europe. Despite knowing their loss in the war, they kept killing and killing. they set up industrialized killing machines, concentration camps, railroad tramsportation to the camps, and used the jews at the camps for labor until they sent them to their death

Auschwitz-Birkenau

Located in Poland, largest death camp built by the Nazis; over 2,000,000 people died there by means of starvation, diease, and gassing. the surviving residents of the ghettos were sent here. there was an uprising where prisoners burned down one crematorium in the center but were all captured and executed

treblinka killing center

when jews living in the warsaw ghetto learned they would be sent here they established an undergraound resistance and open fired on german soldiers (ghetto uprising)