Britain 1970-1979

The dark ages

thatcher

who was heath’s main opponent for leadership in 1975

selsdon park

where did the conservatives hold a conference to decide their manifesto policies in the build up to the 1970 general election

tax reform

which selsdon park policy is missing from this list: better law and order, tu reform, immigration controls, cuts to public spending and the end of subsidy of lame duck industries

one nation

as well as believing in the post war consensus, what type of tory was the prickly and state-educated heath

16

what was the school leaving age increased to under heath

1971

in which year was the pound decimalised having been agreed in 1965

barber boom

what was caused by chancellor barber’s cuts to government spending and tax cuts

stagflation

the barber boom created inflation which paired with low economic growth, created what problem for the tory government

1 million

what did unemployment reach under heath before falling back to 500,000 after the u-turn

rolls royce

what was the first firm to be nationalised as part of heath’s u-turn as well as subsidy of upper clyde shipbuilders to prevent it going bust

yom kippur war

what event in 1973 triggered the oil price crisis in which opec declared an oil embargo stopping all exports, increasing the price of oil x4 in the uk

num

which union demanded a pay rise in 1973 and introduced an overtime ban after the oil crisis which damaged industrial relations with the gov

industrial relations act

what act was introduced in response to a dockers’ and postal workers’ strike, a large pay settlement for dustmen and a go slow by power workers leading to power cuts

tuc

as well as the cbi, who opposed the industrial relations act which abolished the national board for prices and incomes, est the industrial relations court and introduced strike ballots and a cooling off period

1972

in what year were there major strikes involving miners, ambulance drivers, fire fighters, civil servants, power workers and engine drivers seeing almost 24 million days lost to strikes

industry act

which act passed in 1972 aimed to involve the cbi and tuc in wage, price and benefit agreements but was criticised by the right of the party like powell

1974

what year was the three-day week re-introduced, having already been used during the 1972 miners’ strike during the state of emergency when flying pickets stopped the movement of coal around the country

national strike

what did the num call for in 1974 after refusing whitelaw’s pay offer (mst of employment)

hung parliament

heath called a general election in 1974 to decide ‘who governs britain?’, labour minority gov won 5 more seats than the tories despite polls favouring the latter, resulting in what

provisional ira

in 1970 the ira split forming what republican paramilitary organisation

1974

in what year was the republican INLA formed

uda

as well as the uvf what was the other loyalist paramilitary organisation

uup

having been part of the conservative party since 1912, what party did heath support

1971

in what year did heath support the policies of night-time curfews and internment of which 95% of those interned were catholics and served as an ira recruitment tool

british army

who was regarded as an enemy by catholics and nationalists due to the policies of internment and curfews

13

how many unarmed civilians were killed by the british army in bloody sunday 1972 at a nicra march against internment

usa

as well as burning down the british embassy in dublin, funding for the ira from which country exacerbated sectarian conflict

480

as well as the 1400 explosions and 10,600 shooting incidents, how many people were killed in the most violent year of the troubles 1972

whitelaw

when heath suspended stormont and est direct rule from westminster in 1972, who was sos of ni and in charge

ian paisley

who led the dup until 2008 and opposed any power-sharing agreement in ni

sinn fein

which party supported the provisional ira

sunningdale

what agreement negotiated by whitelaw and heath in 1973 proposed a power-sharing exec, an ni assembly with pr and a council of ireland which would have some input from the roi

everyone

who denouncned sunningdale, causing the uup to pull out in 1974 and harry west to take over as leader of the exec and the conservatives to lose their long-established support

11

of the 12 ni constituencies, how many had candidates who opposed sunningdale

£3 billion

as well as inflation at 15%, what balance of payments deficit did wilson inherit in 1974

18

when wilson called another general election in 1974 to establish a majority, how many seats did labour gain to have a majority of 3

social contract

what did wilson negotiate with the tuc whilst in opposition in 1973 to show that labour was better placed to deal with the tus

num

who did wilson reach an agreement with that allowed him to end the state of emergency and the three-day week

healey

who was wilson’s chancellor who issued two budgets in the same year to control public spending and increase tax to deal with the economic crisis without upsetting the tus

1974

in what year was the national enterprise board set up under tony benn to administer gov shareholdings in private companies

british leyland

the nationalisation of what firm under wilson renewed controversy around the subsidy of lame duck industries

1975

when it was clear that the social contract was no longer effective, against the wishes of the labour left who believed in more state intervention in industry, when was formal pay restraint introduced

yes

was it unexpected when wilson resigned as pm in 1976

twin evils

callaghan had good links to the unions and was seen as a safe pair of hands, what did he call the problems of inflation and unemployment facing the economy and putting pressure on the sterling

20

how many years worth of governments did callaghan blame for the twin evils which appeared a criticism of labour

£3 billion

what was the value of the emergency imf loan received by healey under callaghan, on the condition of spending cuts, to avoid a run on the pound

9

as well as handling the imf crisis well, the economic situation in britain greatly improved when how many north sea oil fields came on stream by 1978

10

by the end of callaghan’s premiership, the no. days lost to strikes was at a 10-year low, unemployment was falling from 1.6mn and inflation was what

1977

in what year was callaghan forced to form the lib-lab pact with 12 MPs after labour lost its parliamentary majority, which allowed him to defeat a vote of no confidence but meant he had to begin devolution

1978

in which year were the scotland and wales devolution acts passed allowing for referendums over devolution to be held, but a clause inserted by a labour mp meant 40% of the electorate had to approve

20\.3

of the 59% turnout in the 1979 welsh devolution referendum, what percentage were in favour

51\.6

of the 62% turnout in the 1979 scottish devolution referendum, what percentage were in favour but were overruled by the 40% clause meaning labour lost nationalist support

5

what was the percentage wage increase limit that the tuc rejected in 1978 and began the winter of discontent

15

after striking for 9 weeks in the winter of discontent, what percentage pay rise were ford lorry drivers awarded prompting more unions to up demands like hospital porters, gravediggers and dusties

aslef

which union went on strike in the winter of discontent which caused mass disruption to transport

10

what was the average pay settlement in 1979 which ended the winter of discontent

1979

in what year was the callaghan gov defeated in a vote of no confidence and forced to resign over the issue of scottish devolution

conservatives

who did the press, sun, mail, times and express support in the run up to the 1979 general election, helping the attack on labour’s record in office

43

how many seats was the conservative majority in 1979 thanks to the decline in votes for the liberals and nationalists

1974

in what year was the ulster workers council strike supported by ian paisley, the uvf and the uda which limited power and telecoms leading to a state of emergency

faulkner

who resigned as chief of the power-sharing exec in ni when sunningdale collapsed

wilson

who est the northern irish constitutional convention to decide the future of gov in ni which was later dissolved in 1976

unionists

which group won a majority in the 1975 elections and opposed any form of power-sharing in ni

scs

what was removed from terrorist prisoners in 1976 causing the blanket protest when paramilitary prisoners refused to wear uniforms and later engaged in the ‘dirty protest’ of 1978 involving 250 prisoners

2nd wave

what type of feminism peaked in the 1970s

1977

in what year was the inauguration of international women’s day by the un

miss world

what contest did women’s lib disrupt in 1970 by throwing stink and smoke bombs onto the state

liverpool

in what city as well as london did women’s lib hold marches demanding equal pay and free 24-hour childcare in 1971

separatist

socialist feminists believed women were oppressed by class and needed financial equality, what faction of feminists believed patriarchal society was most oppressive and campaigned for reproductive rights

the pill

what became widely available through the nhs from 1971 after its advent in the 1960s

1976

in what year was the first rape crisis centre opened in london and the domestic violence act passed allowing women to take out restraining orders against violent partners

reclaim the night

what marches were held in 1977 in response to curfews imposed during the yorkshire ripper murders

sex discrimination act

what act was passed in 1975 to end discrimination on the grounds of gender or marital status in employment and education and end harassment

equal opportunities commission

what was set up by the 1975 SDA which oversaw this and the equal pay act to bring court proceedings against non-compliant parties but only launched 9 investigations and succeeded in 10% of claims of workplace discrimination

mortgage

from 1971, what were women able to take out without a male guarantor

equal pay act

what act passed in 1970 came into force from 1975, however by 1977 women’s wages were only 70% of men’s

barbara castle

who steered through the social security pensions act which gave more generous pensions to women whose contributions had been ltd by caring responsibilities

employment protection act

what act passed in 1975 introduced paid maternity leave and outlawed dismissal on the grounds of pregnancy

1979

in what year did the tuc publish the charter ‘equality for women within the trade unions’ despite initially being hostile towards women believing they would drive down men’s wages

immigration act

what act was passed in 1971 by the tories to restrict the right of people from the new commonwealth to move to the uk - require a guaranteed job and one grandparent born in britain

1 million

by 1974 how many new commonwealth immigrants had arrived in the uk from the caribbean, africa and 1/2mn from india and pakistan

london borough council

in what 1974 elections were only 10 non-white councillors elected which later increased to 35 bu 1978

commission for racial equality

what did the 1976 race relations act establish which had the power to instigate investigations and call witnesses

200,000

the nf put up 90 candidates in the 1974 general election, how many members did it have including skinheads

11

what point lead did the tories gain in the polls after thatcher made a speech saying britain was ‘swamped’ with immigrants

anti nazi league

what was set up in 1977 in response to the muders of 2 poc and a 1/3 rise in assaults on bame people

100,000

how many people attended the rock against racism march and concert in 1978 in trafalgar square headlined by the punk band the clash

70

how many police officers were there with a minority ethnic background leading to a riot at the notting hill carnival of 1976 and calls to ban the event

blair peach

which teacher and anti-nazi league supporter was killed by police in 1979

viv anderson

in 1978 who became the first black player to be picked for the england football team

multiculturalism

symbolised by the popularity of music genres like reggae and ska, what policy did local authorities follow

black and white minstrel show

what show featuring ‘comedians’ in blackface was allowed to continue until 1978 which as well as racist attacks on football players confirmed the commission for racial equality’s belief that racism was still rife

punk

what youth movement started in the mid 1970s which embraced nihilism and a diy attitude with banks like the clash and the sex pistols who rejected commercialism

vivienne westwood

who opened a boutique selling punk accessories like bondage gear in london

sex pistols

who swore on live tv and released a single named god save the queen in 1977 which the bbc refused to play

football hooliganism

what became known as the english disease, associated with skinheads and organised hooligan groups

year of european conservation

why was 1970 an important year for the ecology movement

friends of the earth

what environmental group arrived in the uk in 1971 having formed in the us

5

by 1979 how many incidents had their been at a nuclear power plant in cumbria diverting cnd’s attention as well a nuclear meltdown in ny in 1979

greenpeace

direct action divided the environmentalist movement, which radical group was set up in the uk in 1977