Structure and Function I Ch 1

pollex

thumb

necropsy

another name for the examination of the body and dissection of internal organs to determine cause of death

digital

fingers

antebrachial

forearm

buccal

cheek

mental

chin

foot

dorsum of foot

digits

calcaneal

popliteal

gluteal

hip

pelvic cavity

abdominopelvic region

anatomy

study of details of form

physiology

the study of function

inspection

observing surface appearance

palpitation

feeling with hands

auscultation

listening to natural sounds made by human body

percussion

tapping on body to feel for abnormal resistance

dissection

cutting and separating tissues to reveal relationships

cadaver

dead human body to be studied

comparative anatomy

study of multiple species

exploratory surgery

looking for what is wrong

gross anatomy

large body structures; includes regional and systemic

regional anatomy

all parts of an area (like leg)

systemic anatmoy

deals with specific systems

microscopic anatomy

too small to be seen without a microscope

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

developmental anatomy

changes that occur as we age

embryology

study of changes that occur before birth

pathological anatomy

changes caused by disease

molecular biology

studies the link between structure and function

comparative physiology

study of how different species have solved problems and is basis for developing new drugs and medical procedures

renal physiology

urine production and kidney function

neurophysiology

study of nervous system

cardiac physiology

study of the workings of the heart

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

levels of organization

chemical level

level of organization where chemicals combine to form the complex molecules of life like water

cellular level

level of organization; cells are the structural and functional units of life

tissue level

level of organization where groups of similar cells work together; 4 basic types

epithelium

covers/ lines; type of tissue

muscle

tissue that is used for movement

nervous

tissue for rapid internal communication

connective

tissue type that connects, supports, protects

organ level

group of tissues working together

organ system level

all the organs that participate in a particular purpose; there are 11; include cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive

organism level

everything working together

necessary functions of life

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, metabolism, digestion, excretion, homeostasis, reproduction, development

responsiveness

ability to sense chances and respond to them

catabolism

breaking down

anabolism

building up

digestion

breaking down foodstuffs so absorption can occur

excretion

removal of waste

homeostasis

maintaining a stable environment

development

change in form or function over a lifetime

differentiation

specialization of the cell

growth

increase in size and or number

walter cannon

coined the term homeostasis

steady state

ability to maintain internal environment, maintaining physiological limits, important in maintaining volume and composition of body fluids

negative feedback

get an opposite reaction or the reverse of the stimulus; controls homeostasis

positive feedback

rare, get an enhancement of the original condition; childbirth, bloodclotting

x-ray

2 dimensional

CT scan

computed tomography; 3 dimensional x-ray

magnetic resonance imaging

MRI; uses magnetic field

positron emission tomography

PET; can determine which tissues are most active, uses radioactive glucose (assesses metabolic state)

sonography

ultrasound imaging- second oldest and most widely used

anatomical position

facing the observer and palms forward; left is always the patients left

prone

face down; laying on stomach

supine

laying on back

coronal plane

separates front of body from back of body

midsagittal plane

cuts body into left and right sides down the middle

sagittal plane

transverse plane

cut body in half from the waist

oblique plane

anterior

Front part or surface. Opposite of posterior

posterior

toward the back of the body. opposite of anterior

deep

further from the surface, opposite of superficial

superficial

close to the surface, opposite of deep

superior

above

inferior

below

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

only for extremities

distal

abdominal cavity

pelvic cavity

upper right quadrant

lower right quadrant

upper left quadrant

lower left quadrant

right hypochondriac

epigastric

left hypochondriac

right flank

umbilical

left flank

right inguinal