LENC Final

Who is Richard Wagner?

He wrote der ring des Nibelungen. He also wrote books on a range of topics including nationalism and antisemitism.

Explain what occurred in late 19th century Russia when it comes to the Tsar and assassination attempt.

in 1870, in russia, there were many strikes. Alexander II had put in place harsh repressions and secret police operations. As a result he was targeted by terrorist groups such as Narodnaya Volya, a revolutionary political organization that successfully killed the tsar on March 13 1881.

What were the economic and social situation at the end of the 1860s?

1) discrepancies between north west and south east
2) population increase
3) development of communication routes
4) growing industrialization
5) growing urbanization
6) strengthening of the bourgeoisie

When does France declare war on Prussia?

July 19 1870

When was the third republic declared in France ?

September 4 1870

Who was Louis Adolphe Theirs

He was a French statesman who suggested that France sign an armistice on January 28 1871. He was later the chief executive of the provisional government in 1871.

What was the treaty of Frankfurt of 1871

This treaty cause France to loose Alsace and Lorraine to the German Empire and cause France to have to pay a large indemnity to Berlin.

What was the Paris Commune and what caused it?

In March of 1871, there were uprisings in Paris where the national guarterm-27d seized control of the city and refused to accept the authority of the government. They created the Paris commune in which there were various leaders of political origins (Jacobins, socialist, revolutionaries, republicans, monarchists). They created significant reforms such as creating labour exchange, workers associations, women's unions, nurseries etc).

Who were the opportunists?

More conservative/centric republic

What are some examples of reforms imposed under Opportunists' leadership?

Freedom of press, public gatherings without prior authorization, trade unions legalized, high tariffs to protect peasants

What happened on May 21, 1871?

The Paris Commune had become more divided and incapable of functioning smoothly. On May 21, the national government sent troops into Paris leading to 25,000 people to be executed.

What was the Dreyfus Affair?

A controversy in france, centered on the trial and imprisonment of a jewish army officer who had been falsely accused of selling military secrets to germany. it showed the strength of anti-semitism in europe

What were the electoral reforms in England after 1860?

1860 - campaign for electoral reform household suffrage
1867 - reform bill passed by conservatives (doubled number of votes)
1884 - 2 million more voters

What other reforms were made in England post 1860?

- public health increase
- hygiene
- waste disposal and water system
- education
- working conditions
- trade unions legalized

What occurred in the USA post 1860. Describe the situation

- reconstruction
- industrial rev
- urbanization

- westward expansion

- wars against native Americans

- war against sapin in 1898

- war against filipino rebellion 1899

What occurred in Germany post 1860?

Liberals win elections in the Reichstag in 1871. They pass freedom of trade, capital and enterprise.

But the Reichstag does not have a lot of power. Instead the chancellor holds a lot of the people. Centralized stated dominated by Junkers .

rise of conservative and aggressive nationalism

Who were the allies and opponents of Bismark?

Allies

- catholic center party

- conservatives

- national liberals

Opponents

- social democratic party

- trade unions

When was serfdom abolished in Russia?

April 5 1861

- 22 million seats emancipated and given land

- compensation to ex owners

Name some reforms under Alexander II

1864: creation of separate judicial branch of gov, jury system established

1864: creation of district and village assemblies that could assess taxes and education

Modernization of army, budget management

Name some Russian writers and political dissenters

Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Belinsky, Herzen

Who was Alexander III of russia?

He came to power after the assignation of Tsar Alexander II in 1881. He was NOT a reformer and did not want liberalization. there was more censorship and a curtailment of local assemblies and a tight control of education.

Who opposed Alexander III

1) liberal elites

2) populist socialist revolutionaries

3) nationalist movements

4) Mensheviks and bolsheviks

what happened with the Ottoman Empire after 1870?

There was a lot of political instability and disorganization in the Ottoman Empire.

in 1876 Abdulhamid II create a constitution but it was suspended in 1878 and the secret police were enforced. Brutal repression and financial difficulties under Abdulhamid. Only reinstated by young turks in 1908 when a western bureaucracy was implemented.

What were the conditions in the Habsburg empire in 1860 onwards.

= support of middle class

- support of nobility

- alliance with church

- devoted army

What was the Habsburg "Patent" of Dec 1851?

codified neo-absolutism

When were the constitutional debates in the Habsburg empire?

1860-1865

One constitution in 1860, another in 1861. In 1865, emperor suspended the 1861 constitution.

What was the 1867 dual monarchy?

Dual monarch with Austria and Hungary.

Francis Joseph and Emperor of Austria.

Vienna in charge of foreign policy, defense and finance and Hungary is autonomous for everything else.

What was the 1868 nationality law?

the people of each nationality the right to use their own language in school, church etc

Name some practical socialists

Flora Tristan

Louis Blanc

Pierre-joseph Proudhon

Which realm of socialism did Marx belong to?

Scientific socialism

Discuss the rise of Communism in post 1850

Karl Marx was a scientific socialist who argued that the proletariat should seize power and implement a dictatorship of the proletariat. He wrote the communist manifesto in 1848.

There was debate between revolution and participation.

Socialist First International Workingmen's Association

Formed 1864, Marx as dominant figure

Dissolved in 1876 because of the internal divisions (moderate, radical, reformism, anarchism) and repression

In what countries did mass socialist parties develop?

France Germany Italy Belgium

Issues and debates within communist ideas

1) nationalist movements

2) position on imperialism -- oppose or attract colonial people to socialism by improving their conditions?

3) possible war

What is nihilism?

The rejection of all religious and moral principles, often in the belief that life is meaningless.

What did revolutionaries/nihilists believe in Russia, and what were the two periods of their movement?

Orthodox church = instrument of oppression, power of literature to make change, willing to take any action to achieve goals

Foundational period (1860-69, propaganda)

Revolutionary period (1870-1881, violent war against Tsar eventually crushed)

Give the names of 2 anarchists

1) Mikhail Bakunin - believed that "destruction was a created passion" - just wants to overthrow the state

2) Ravachol - active in 1891-1892 - symbol of desperate revolt

They worked to assassinate many heads of states.

How did Wagner revolutionize opera?

"total work of art"

When was the Haymarket riot

May 4, 1886

Date of Great Depression?

1873-95

What happened during the Great Depression?

Falling prices, slumps in business cycles, financial panics, bank failures

What were the substantial changes that occurred at the end of the 19th century?

Economic depression, agricultural crisis, demography and population movements, second Industrial Revolution and plutocracy

Demographic boom in Europe at the end of the 19th century: from ... (in 1870) to ... (in 1914) million in Europe - write the numbers

290 to 435

Why such a demographic boom?

Births outnumbering deaths, fall of fertility rates, migrations

Date of 2nd Industrial Revolution?

1870-1914

What developed during the 2nd IR?

electricty, chemistry, medicines, subways and automobiles...

Where did the 2nd IR mainly happened?

In Great Britain, Germany and France

What were the consequences of the 2nd IR?

Gradual disappearance of rural industry, growing urban centers, social segregation reinforced, swelling of middle-classes...

Under how many generations was the mobility under the 3rd French Republic? Give the number and explain briefly each generation

3 - 1st generation: escape poverty / 2nd: access to education / 3rd: access to higher education and sometimes wealth

Who wrote L'Assomoir? When?

Emile Zola in 1877

What is L'Assomoir about?

Study of alcoholism and poverty - describes the difficult life of working class

Zola was a .. (name of a movement)?

Naturalist

What are the main features of naturalism?

Observation of reality through a meticulous scientific documentation

What were the 3 possible assistances for poverty?

Charitable organizations, employers' paternalistic policies and state intervention

Date of sickness insurance law in Germany?

1883

Date of Factory Act (that reduced work week to 56h)? Place?

1875 in England

Date of Artisans' Dwelling Act (that gave states the right to demolish buildings)? Place?

1875 in England

When were the series of law passed in France?

Between 1890 and 1904

Date of accident insurance in France?

1898

What were the objectives of trade unions (growing in the last quarter of 19th century)?

To improve working conditions, get wage increases and increase in number

By 1914, how many workers in GB unions? French? German?

3 millions in GB, 2,6 millions in france, 1,5 million in Germanys

Percentage of GB workers in unions? French ones?

25% for GB, 10% for France

Who drove syndicalism? Who was he?

Georges Sorel, French philosopher and sociologist

Who wrote The Inequality of Human Races (argues that there are differences between human races, that civilizations decline and fall when the races are mixed and that the white race is superior)?

Arthur de Gobineau