Rapid Review Chemistry DE

https://quizlet.com/_civik3?x=1jqt&i=303ph4 (ORIGINALLY MADE BY olive481)

Alkane

a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds

Levo

left

Straight-chain

all carbon atoms are connected in a straight line, C-C-C-C-C

Tertiary alcohol

an alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon that is in turn attached to three other carbons

Fehling’s test

can be used to screen for reducing sugars (oxidizes sugars)Mor

Morphine

narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe painO

Oxidation

the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

Aromatic

any of a large class of unsaturated chemical compounds characterized by one or more planar rings of atoms joined by covalent bonds of two different kinds

Secondary alcohols

two carbons attached to the carbon with the hydroxyl functional group; oxidize to ketones

Anhydrides

* carboxylic acid derivative
* had water molecule removed during formation
* formed from 2 carboxylic acid molecules
* named by replacing acid with anhydride in the name of the carboxylic acid if anhydride is formed from only 1 type of carboxylic acid
* if anhydride is not symmetrical, both carboxylic acids are named before the anhydride is added to the name (ex: ethanoic propanoic anhydride)
* ex: pentanoic acid becomes pentanoic anhydride

Thiols

organic compounds containing sulfahydryl groups - SH

Halogens

contains nonmetals, 7 valence electrons in it’s outermost energy level; very reactive

Benedict’s test

a simple biochemical reaction to detect the presence of reducing sugars

Functional Groups

a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

Alkenes

hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, double bond, -ene

Alcohols

organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups, -OH

Ketones

fragments formed by the tissues during incomplete use of fat for energy, and released into the blood, -ONE

Ethers

R-O-R

Trans

across, through

Cis

to cut, or same

Enantiomers

isomers that are mirror images of each other

Quaternary Ammonium Salts

cationic compounds containing alkyl groups in a chain length of C8-C18, used for disinfectants, surfactants, fabric softeners, and as antistatic agents

Saturated hydrocarbons

A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds

Branched Chain

one of a group of essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) with branched carbon skeletons\*

Synthesis reactions

two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one, A+B= AB

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Primary alcohols

only one carbon attached to the carbon with the hydroxyl functional group

Formaldehyde

An air pollutant that is a colorless chemical used to manufacture building materials and many household products, such as particleboard, hardwood plywood paneling, and urea-formaldehyde foam insulation

Amines

organic compounds with an amino group, NH2

Aldehydes

cause cross-linking that inactivates proteins and nucleic acids, double bonded O and single bonded H

Combustion

a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat

Amides

Organic compounds whose molecules have a carbonyl nitrogen bond. They are the product formed in a reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine

Esters

\-oate

Boat form

six-membered ring conformation in which atoms 1, 2, 4, and 5 are coplanar, and atoms 3 and 6 are bent out of the plane in the same direction

MEK

Methyl ethyl ketone

Ozone

A form of oxygen that has three oxygen atoms in each molecule instead of the usual two. O3

Chair

A six-membered ring conformation in which atoms 2, 3, 5, and 6 lie in the same plane, atom 1 lies above the plane, and atom 4 lies below the plane.

Para

describes a molecule with substituents at the 1 and 4 positions on an aromatic compound

Meta

The relationship between two benzene ring substituents on two benzene ring carbons separated by one benzene ring carbon

Ortho

The relationship between two benzene ring substituents on adjacent benzene ring carbons

Cycloalkane

an alkane that is a ring or cyclic structure

Dextra

right

Isomers

Compounds with the same formula but different structures

chiral compounds

Enantiomers that rotate light in a given direction of left or right

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

Acetone

ketone that is found in blood, urine, and breath when diabetes mellitus is out of control

Polymerization

a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

Benzene

Consists of a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-carbon bonds

Carboxylic Acids

compounds with carboxyl groups, oic acid

Carbon monoxide

a colorless, odorless toxic flammable gas formed by incomplete combustion of carbon

Toluene

benzene with CH3

Aniline

benzene with NH2

Potential energy

Energy that is stored and held in readiness

Calorie

A unit of heat used to measure the energy your body uses and the energy it receives from food

Accuracy

A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

Specific Heat

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

Grams to pounds

454 g = 1 lb

Neutrons (Chadwick)

the particles of the nucleus that have no charge

Temperature

A measure of how hot or cold something is

AMU

atomic mass unit

Meters to inches

1 m = 39.37 in

Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)

less reactive than alkali but will burn in air if heated (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)

Kilo

thousand

Milli

thousandth

Micro

10^-6

Nano

10^-9 (billionth)

Centi

hundredth

Deci

10^-1

Precision

a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another

Halogen

An element found in group 17 of the periodic table

Electrons (Thompson, Millikan)

Negatively charged particles

Celsius to Fahrenheit

F= 9/5 (C+32)

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Valence Electrons

Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom

Products

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

Catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Moles

mass/molar mass

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Sig figs

All the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit

Mass

the amount of matter in an object

Family

a group of elements in the Periodic Table or, more commonly, compounds that share certain physical and chemical characteristics and have a common name

Stoichemistry

the portion of chemistry dealing with numerical relationships in chemical reactions; the calculation of quantities of substances involved in chemical equations

Alkali metals (group 1)

Which family of METALS is the most chemically reactive?

Alpha particle

a type of nuclear radiation consisting of two protons and two neutrons

Mass Defect

the difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons

Electrolyte

An ionic compound whose aqueous solution conducts an electric current

EM Radiation

a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space

Beta particle

a high-speed electron or positron emitted in the decay of a radioactive isotope

Protons (Rutherford)

Positively charged particles

Covalent Bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms

Reactants

A starting material in a chemical reaction

Empirical formula

consists of the symbols for the elements combined in a compound, with subscripts showing the smallest whole-number mole ration of the different atoms in the compound

Molarity equation

M=mol/L

Avogadro's number

6\.02 x 10^23

hyper - emia

hyperemia

excessive, above-normal - blood

the presence of an increased amount of blood flow in a part or organ/congestion

Hypo- -emia

blood condition of insufficient oxygen

Joule (J)

A unit of energy: 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J.

Substance

A single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties.