Plant Diversity
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98 Terms
What is diversity?
Abundance and variety.
What is an indigenous species and an endemic species?
Indigenous species occur naturally in a habitat; endemic species occur only in that habitat and nowhere else in the world.
What is an exotic (alien) species?
A species that does not occur naturally in a habitat and was brought in from another area.
What is an indicator species?
A species that helps ecologists determine the environmental health of an ecosystem.
What is a keystone species?
A species with an extremely high impact on an ecosystem relative to its population.
Approximately how many plant species are there and when did land plants evolve?
About 280 000 species; land plants evolved about 500 million years ago.
What do plants need to survive?
Soil, water, nutrients, stability, air, sunlight and carbon dioxide
Which major structures evolved in plants?
Roots, leaves, stems, seeds, flowers and vascular systems.
What are the main characteristics of plants?
They contain chlorophyll, are multicellular, have cellulose cell walls, plastids, vacuoles filled with cell sap, and reproduce sexually and asexually.
What two generations occur in the plant life cycle?
Gametophyte and sporophyte generations.
What are the four main plant groups?
Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
How are plants classified?
By the presence or absence of vascular tissue, true roots/stems/leaves, spores or seeds, fruits, and dependence on water for reproduction.
Which groups are non-vascular and vascular plants?
Bryophytes are non-vascular; Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are vascular.
Q: Which plant groups are seedless and which are seed-bearing?
Pteridophytes are seedless; Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are seed-bearing.
Q: What are Spermatophytes?
Seed-forming plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms).
What does a phylogenetic tree show?
Evolutionary relationships between taxa.
What information can be obtained from a phylogenetic tree?
Which taxa developed first, which are closely related, and their most recent common ancestors.
Which groups belong to the Bryophytes?
Mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
Q: What type of environments do mosses grow in?
Cool, moist and shady environments.
Q: Which generation is dominant in Bryophytes?
The gametophyte generation.
What is a thallus?
A plant body with no true roots, stems or leaves.
What structures do mosses have instead of true roots, stems and leaves?
Leaf-like structures, stem-like structures and rhizoids.
What are the functions of rhizoids?
They anchor the plant and absorb water and mineral salts.
Do Bryophytes have vascular tissue?
No, xylem and phloem are absent.
How do Bryophytes reproduce?
A: By spores, not seeds.
Why are Bryophytes dependent on water for reproduction?
The sperm must swim through water to reach the egg.
What is the sporophyte of a moss made up of?
A foot, seta and sporangium.
What is a sporangium?
A structure that produces and stores spores.
What is the calyptra?
A cap that covers the sporangium.
What happens to spores after they are released?
They are dispersed by wind and germinate in damp soil.
Q: Do mosses produce seeds and fruits?
No.
Q: What is the ecological importance of Bryophytes?
A: Primary succession, soil formation, prevention of erosion and peat production.
Q: What are Pteridophytes?
Seedless vascular plants adapted to life on land.
Where do ferns usually occur?
Moist, shady environments.
Which generation is dominant in ferns?
The sporophyte generation.
What structures are present in ferns?
True roots, stems and leaves.
What is the stem of most ferns called?
A rhizome (horizontal underground stem).
What are fronds?
The large compound leaves of ferns.
What vascular tissues are present in ferns?
Xylem and phloem.
How do ferns reproduce?
By spores, not seeds.
Where are sporangia found in ferns?
On the underside of the leaves.
What are sori?
Clusters of sporangia.
What is the fern gametophyte called?
A prothallus.
Describe the prothallus.
A green, heart-shaped structure representing the gametophyte generation.
Why are ferns dependent on water for fertilisation?
Sperm must swim to the ovum.
What happens after fertilisation in ferns?
A zygote forms and develops into a new sporophyte.
Name four uses/importance of Pteridophytes.
Plant succession, ornamental use, medicinal use and building material.
What is the function of xylem and phloem?
Xylem transports water; phloem transports food (glucose).
What does the word gymnosperm mean?
Naked seed.
Why are gymnosperms called naked-seeded plants?
Their seeds are not enclosed in a fruit.
Approximately when did gymnosperms appear on Earth?
About 300 million years ago.
What are the four groups of gymnosperms?
Conifers, cycads, gnetales and ginkgo.
Which generation is dominant in gymnosperms?
The sporophyte generation.
What structures are present in gymnosperms?
A: True roots, stems and leaves.
A well-developed taproot system with lateral roots.
A: A well-developed taproot system with lateral roots.
What are the main characteristics of gymnosperms?
Cone-bearing, vascular tissue present, thick waxy cuticle, no fruits, wind pollinated.
Do gymnosperms require water for fertilisation?
No.
Why are gymnosperms better adapted to land than mosses and ferns?
Sperm do not need water to reach the ovum.
What structures produce pollen and ovules in gymnosperms?
Male cones produce pollen; female cones contain ovules
What develops from a germinating pollen grain?
A pollen tube containing two male gametes.
What does the germinating pollen grain represent?
The male gametophyte.
What does the embryo sac represent?
The female gametophyte.
What happens during fertilisation in gymnosperms?
One male gamete fuses with the ovum to form a zygote.
What develops from the fertilised ovule?
A seed.
How are gymnosperm seeds dispersed?
By wind when cone scales open.
State four uses of gymnosperms.
Paper production, timber, furniture manufacture and resin/turpentine production.
What are angiosperms?
Flowering plants with seeds enclosed in fruits.
Why are angiosperms considered the most advanced plants?
They are the most successful terrestrial plants.
Which generation is dominant in angiosperms?
The sporophyte generation.
What structures are present in angiosperms?
True roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Into which two groups are angiosperms divided?
Monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
What root systems do monocots and dicots have?
Monocots have adventitious roots; dicots have a taproot system
What is the reproductive organ of an angiosperm?
The flower.
Where do seeds and fruits develop in angiosperms?
Perianth, androecium (stamen) and gynoecium (pistil).
What are the three main parts of a flower?
Perianth, androecium (stamen) and gynoecium (pistil).
What are the parts of the stamen?
Anther and filament.
What are the parts of the pistil?
Stigma, style and ovary.
Where are ovules found?
Inside the ovary.
What is pollination?
Transfer of ripe pollen from the anther to the stigma.
What is cross-pollination?
Transfer of pollen from one plant to the stigma of a different plant.
What is self-pollination?
Transfer of pollen to the stigma of the same flower.
What two cells are found in a pollen grain?
A tube cell and a generative cell.
What happens after a pollen grain lands on the stigma?
It germinates and forms a pollen tube.
How many male gametes are produced in the pollen tube?
Two.
What is double fertilisation?
Both male gametes take part in fertilisation.
What does the first male gamete form?
A diploid zygote.
What does the second male gamete form?
A triploid endosperm by fusing with the two polar nuclei.
What is the function of the endosperm?
It provides food for the developing embryo.
Is water required for fertilisation in angiosperms?
No.
What develops into the embryo, seed coat and fruit?
Zygote → embryo; covering of ovule → seed coat; ovary → fruit.
State four uses of angiosperms.
Food production, biofuels, building materials and medicines.
Give examples of agricultural products from angiosperms.
Wheat, rice, maize and potatoes.
Which plant groups depend on water for fertilisation?
Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.
Which plant groups do not depend on water for fertilisation?
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Which plant group is non-vascular?
Bryophytes.
Which plant groups are vascular?
Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Which plant groups reproduce by spores and which by seeds?
Bryophytes and Pteridophytes use spores; Gymnosperms and Angiosperms use seeds.
Which plant group produces fruits?
Angiosperms only.