Anatomy and Physiology Chapter One

Integumentary system functions

Protects body from environmental hazards; controls body temperature

Skeletal system functions

Supports, protects soft tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells

Muscular system functions

Moves and supports body; produces heat

Nervous system functions

Direct immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

Endocrine system (pituitary gland, hypothalamus, ovaries, testes, etc.) functions

Direct long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems

Cardiovascular system functions

Transports cells and dissolved materials internally, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

Lymphatic system (spleen, appendix, lymph nodes, etc.) functions

Defends against infection and disease

Respiratory system functions

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

Digestive system functions

Processes food and absorbs organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

Urinary system functions

Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH

Reproductive system functions

Produces sex cells and hormones

Six levels of organization (smallest to largest)

1. Chemical/molecular level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system level 6. Organism level

Homeostasis

The presence of a stable environment inside the body

Negative Feedback

\-Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation

\-Tends to minimize change by keeping variation in key body systems within limits compatible with our long term survival

\-Involves control center, effector, receptor, set point, regulated and non-regulated variables

Positive Feedback

\-Not homeostatic

\-Typically found during a potentially dangerous or stress process

\-Exaggerates or enhances a change in the original conditions, rather than opposing it

Control Center

Determines and initiates the appropriate physiological response to any change or disturbance in the internal environment

Effector

Component whose activity or action contributes to the value of any variable in the system

Response

The change in the function or action of an effector

Sensor/receptor

measures the magnitude of some variable by generating an output signal that is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus

Set point

The range of values of the regulated variable that the system attempts to maintain

Regulated variable

Any variable for which sensors are present in the system and the value of which is kept within its limits by a negative feedback system

aer-

air

arter-

artery

arthro-

joint

bio-

life

\-blast

germ

bronch-

windpipe/airway

cardi-, cardio-, -cardia

heart

cerebr-

brain

cervic-

neck

chondro-

cartilage

cranio-

skull

cyt-, cyto-

hollow cell

derm-

skin

end-, endo-

within

epi-

on

hemo-

blood

hemi-

one-half

histo-

tissue

hyper-

above

hypo-

under

inter-

between

iso-

equal

leuk-, leuko-

white

lyso-, -lysis, -lyze

a loosening

myo-

muscle

nephr-

kidney

neur-, neuri-, neuro-

nerve

\-ology

the study of

ost-, oste-, osteo-

bone

oto-

ear

peri-

around

phago-

to eat

phot-, photo-

light

physio-

nature

pre-

before

pulmo-

lung

retro-

backward

sarco-

flesh

scler-, sclero-

hard

sub-

below

super-

above or below

vas-

vessel

Frontal

Forehead

Nasal

Nose

Ocular

Eye

Otic

Ear

Buccal

Cheek

Cranial

The skull

Facial

Face

Cephalic

The head

Cervical

Neck

Mental

Chin

Thoracic/Thorax

Chest

Mammary

Breast

Axillary

Armpit

Abdominal

Between mammary and umbilical

Umbilical

Navel (bellybutton)

Pelvic

Under umbilical

Inguinal

Groin

Pubic

Genitals

Femoral

Thigh

Patellar

Kneecap

Crural

Leg

Tarsal

Ankle

Digits/Phalanges

Toes

Hallux

Great toe (big toe)

Calcaneal

Heel of foot

Plantar

Sole of foot

Pedal

Foot

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

Front of elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Palmar

Palm

Digits/Phalanges

Fingers

Pollex

Thumb

Manual

Hand

Acromial

Shoulder

Dorsal

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