final exam- all past units + growth/development

WBC,Platelets, and RBC are know as…

formed elements

ratio of RBC to total blood volume

hemocrit

% of plasma in centrifuge

55%

% of RBC in centrifuge

45%

thin layer of WBC and platelets in a centrifuge is called…

what circulates O2 in the body

RBC

what clots blood in the body

platelets

what regulates the immune system in the body

WBC

blood type (cell surface marker protien)

antigen

what allows your body to attack the opposite blood type

antibody

surface antigen=A/antibody=B

type A

surface antigen=B/antibody=A

type B

surface antigen=neither A or B/antibody=both A and B

type O

surface antigen=both A and B/antibody=neither A or B

type AB

known as the universal donor

type O

known as the universal recipient

type AB

what happens the FIRST time if some w/ Rh- blood transfused w/ Rh+ blood?

sensitization, but fine

what happens the SECOND time if some w/ Rh- blood transfused w/ Rh+ blood?

acute hemolytic rxn

if you have Rh factor you are…

Rh+

2 things secreted after a platelet plug forms

serotonin and prothrombin activator

when collagen comes in contact w/ platelet it forms a…

platelet plug

inactive form of thrombin is…

prothrombin

what becomes active and allows blood to start clotting?

thrombin

abnormal clot

thrombus

when thrombus leaves the site of formation and enters circulation

embolus

if embolus gets lodged

embolism

AV valves

tricuspid and bicuspid

SL valves

pulmonary and aortic

3 components of an ECG

p-wave, qrs complex, and t-wave

part of the ECG where the atria depolarizes

p-wave

part of the ECG where the atria re-polarizes and the ventricle depolarizes

qrs complex

part of the ECG where the ventricle re-polarizes

t-wave

**squeezes** blood out/most pressure

systole

filling w/ blood/less pressure

diastole

AV valves close

Lubb

SL valves close

Dupp

AV valves open

Dupp

SL valves open

Lubb

which end of the ventricle contracts first?

the apex

without this impulses would travel too fast and have not enough time between contractions

CCS

pathway of cardiac impulse thru CCS

sa node, junctional fibers, av node, av bundle, r/l bundle branch, purkinje fibers

how impulses get to the **atria**

sa node

how impulses get to the **ventricles**

av node

tunica interna,media, and externa

artery

tunica intima, media, and externa

vein

2 ways arterioles control BP

alter radius and blood volume

3 layers of tunica interna

squamous endothelium, basement membrane, and elastic fibers

3 types of capillaries

continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoids

what serves as a blood reservoir

venules

pressure that's greater at the VENULAR end of the capillary

osmotic

pressure that's greater at the ARTERIAL end of the capillary

hydrostatic

3 physical factors that influence blood pressure

CO, PR, and BV

D+ (S-D)/3=

MAP

COxPR=

MAP

SVxHR=

CO

thicker blood means (increased/decreased) PR

increased

decreased diameter of blood vessel means (increased/decreased) PR

increased

increased length of blood vessel means (increased/decreased) PR

increased

hormones that increase blood pressure

epinephrine, adh, aldosterone, and angiotensin II

hormones that decrease blood pressure

histamine and anp

5 parts of ventilation

pulmonary, external, internal, cellular, and gas transport

2 regions of the brain that control pulmonary ventilation

medulla and pons

external intercostal muscles pull ribs up and out

tidal inspiration

sternocleidomastoid and pectorals minor contracts diaphragm and elevates ribs

maximal inspiration

2 gases detected by carotid and aortic bodies

CO2 and O2

function of angiotensin II is…

vasoconstriction

3 parts of the brain that angiotensin effects

adrenal cortex, posterior pituitary, and hypothalamus

component of renin angiotensin system secreted by liver

angiotensinogen

cells that secrete renin to decrease BP

juxtaglomerular cells

ACE is secreted by cells in which organ

lungs

INACTIVE part of renin angiotensin system is..why?

angiotensin I/no ACE

ACTIVE part of renin angiotensin system is..why?

angiotensin II/ACE

composed of cells of DCT in contact w/ afferent arteriole

macula densa

2 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells

hyponatremia can occur if…which means a decrease in…leads to…

too much water/sodium/intracellular edema

besides drinking how does the body take in water

water of metabolism

if pH is low then…

high H+, acid, formation

if pH is high then…

low H+, basic, dissociation

main purpose of chemical buffers

keep pH at a normal level

main purpose of physiological buffers

help remove CO2 in blood

respiratory and renal excretion are an example of … buffering

physiological

which is faster chemical or physiological buffering

chemical

primary male sex organ

testes

semen pathway thru the penis

testicles, epididymis, vas deferins, seminal vesicles, prostates, urethra

enables sexual reproduction thru its union w/ egg during fertilization

spermatoza

neutralizes the acidity of the vaginal tract-increases life of sperm

alkaline prostatic fluid

increases energy of sperm

fructose rich seminal fluid

viscous lubricating fluid

lubricant from cowper’s gland

primary female reproductive organ

ovaries

3 types of ovarian ligaments

broad, suspensory, and ovarian

steps of meiosis 1 in follicles

primordial follicle, primary (early) follicle, primary (late) follicle, secondary (early) follicle, secondary (late) follicle, tertiary follicle

2 types of gonadotropins

FSH and LH

2 types of female sex hormones

estrogen and progesterone

in autosomal recessive..what does it look like to have it? (use h as ex)

hh hh

in autosomal dominant..what does it look like to have it? (use h as ex)

HH or Hh

in incomplete dominance..what does it look like to have it? (use h as ex)

hh hh

in incomplete dominance..what does it look like to have “trait”? (use h as ex)

HH hh

in co-dominance..genotypes of A blood

AA and AO

in sex-linked...what does it look like to be a female that has the disease?

XhXh

**in sex-linked...what does it look like to be a male that has the disease?**

XhY