Honors History Midterm Review

John Locke

All people are born with rights to life, liberty, and property; consent of the governed; the government's job is to protect the people's rights and if they do not they could be overthrown

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Believed that people should create their own government and give up some of their rights for their common good.

Baron de Montesquieu

Favored separation of power

Voltaire

Wrote about freedom of speech, religion, and tolerance

Absolute rule

A government ruled by one person with little or no limits

Enlightenment

A social movement centered on ideas such as liberty, freedom, and happiness

Social contract

An agreement where people give up some of their rights to the government in exchange for protection

Parliament

A legislative body that makes the laws

Ruled by themselves, ignored advice, had no limit to their power, treated their subjects poorly, spent large amounts of money on themselves or war

What methods were typical of absolute monarchs?

Installed a constitutional monarchy that limited the king's power and guaranteed rights to the people

How did England's rulers take a different path than most European leaders of their time?

They introduced the ideas of democracy and ruling to improve the lives of the people

In what ways did Enlightenment thinkers challenge the methods of rule used by absolute monarchs?

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution, weak and indecisive leader, executed during the Revolution

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France during the French Revolution, influenced the government, highly unpopular

Bourgeoisie

Middle class, including merchants and skilled workers

Jacobins

Radical faction during the French Revolution, took control during the Reign of Terror

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader of the Jacobins, became leader of the Committee of Public Safety, led the Reign of Terror, ruled through terror, executed anyone who he saw as an enemy

Paris

Capital of France

Bastille

French prison, was stormed by a mob in the early days of the French Revolution, which became a symbol of revolution

Versailles

A grand palace outside of France, home to the Estates-General and several riots

Old Regime

A social system in France divided into three estates, or social classes

Estates

Social classes present in the Old Regime

First Estate

Clergy

Second Estate

Nobles

Third Estate

The common folk, largest estate by far, paid all the taxes

Estates-General

A meeting of representatives from all three estates

National Assembly

An organization created by the Third Estate representatives to end absolute monarchy and establish democracy

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the Third Estate representatives to not end their meeting until a new constitution was made

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A document made by the National Assembly that states that all people are born equal and that they are guaranteed the right to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression, as well as freedom of speech and religion.

Constitutional Monarchy

A government where the ruler's power is restricted by the legislature

Legislative Assembly

An assembly created to replace the National Assembly in governing France

Committee of Public Safety

A group established by Robespierre which held power during the Reign of Terror

Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution marked by mass executions of anyone who was deemed an enemy of the revolution

Guillotine

An execution device used to behead people

Directory

A weak government established after Robespierre's death

Émigrés

Nobles and people who had fled France who wanted to restore the Old Regime

Sans-culottes

Radical French group made of people from the lower class

National Convention

A governing body that ruled France after it was established as a republic

They brought new ideas which inspired the French people

How did Enlightenment ideas influence the revolutionaries?

Old Regime, the Enlightenment, food shortages, poor leaders, and the Estates-general

What were the social, political, and economic causes of the French Revolution?

Temporarily overthrew the French monarchy and instituted a democratic government, spread ideas of liberty and freedom

What were the French Revolution's accomplishments?

It changed from a fight to freedom to a way to persecute those who were seen as enemies.

How did the course of the Revolution change?

Many of its effects were reversed by Napoleon, many people died during this time

In what ways could the French Revolution be considered unsuccessful?

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who took power following the Revolution, became emperor and conquered and ruled much of Europe until his downfall.

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian prince who led the Congress of Vienna

Moscow

Capital of Russia

Waterloo

A city where the British defeated Napoleon once and for all

Coup d'etat

A "blow to the state" or violent overthrow of the government, carried out by Napoleon against the Directory

Plebiscite

A vote of the people, used by Napoleon to validate his power

Lycée

A system of public schools created by Napoleon to train government officials

Concordat

An agreement made between Napoleon and the Pope which restored the church and separated church and state

Napoleonic Code

A uniform system of laws created by Napoleon for the entirety of France

Battle of Trafalgar

A battle where the British soundly defeated Napoleon's naval forces; forced Napoleon to cancel his plans of invading Britain

Continental System

A failed blockade between Britain and the rest of Europe

Blockade

The act of preventing goods from traveling from one place to another

Guerrilla warfare

A style of warfare characterized by small forces carrying out surprise attacks against larger forces

Peninsular War

A war fought between French armies and Spanish guerillas in Spain

Scorched-earth policy

A policy of destroying one's own resources to prevent an enemy from using them

Hundred Days

Napoleon's last bid for power after he was exiled

Congress of Vienna

A series of meetings held between European leaders in order to ensure peace and stability for Europe

Containment

A set of changes made during the Congress of Vienna to strengthen the nations surrounding France

Balance of power

A situation where all nations or groups have equal power

Legitimacy

The right of a monarch to rule

Corsica

Birthplace of Napoleon

Elba

The first place Napoleon was exiled to

Saint Helena

The second place Napoleon was exiled to

First Consul

The first position Napoleon held after taking control of France

Conquered much of Europe, reformed France, spread Revolutionary ideas

What were Napoleon's accomplishments?

Continental System

What was Napoleon's first mistake?

Angered France's allies

What were the effects of the Continental System?

Peninsular War

What was Napoleon's second mistake?

Spread nationalism, inspired France's enemies

What were the effects of the Peninsular War?

Invasion of Russia

What was Napoleon's third mistake?

Crippled Napoleon's army

What were the effects of the Invasion of Russia?

Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France

Which countries participated in the Congress of Vienna?

Otto von Bismarck

Prime minister of Prussia, led the effort to unite Germany

Kaiser Wilhelm I

First emperor of Germany, enabled Bismarck to unite Germany

Germany

A group of nation-states that were unified by Prussia

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to one's own nation

Conservative

Keeping to traditional values

Liberal

Wanting to create change

Radical

Wanting extreme reforms

Realpolitik

Tough power politics with no room for idealism

A nation is a shared group of people bound by a shared identity, while a nation-state is the territory that a nation lives in

What is the difference between a nation and nation state?

They wanted to create their own nations and adopt democracy

How did nationalism inspire the unifications of Germany and Italy?

Entrepreneur

A person who starts a business

Proletariat

Marxist term for the working class

Adam Smith

Father of capitalism, created the three laws of economics

Karl Marx

Created and spread the idea of communism

Britain

Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution

Cottage system

A system where families made goods at their own homes using simple tools, which were sold for profit

Agricultural Revolution

A period where many advancements were made in farming methods

Enclosure

Large fields bought by wealthy landowners

Crop rotation

A system of planting different crops over time to maintain the field

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid technological growth where goods started to be made using machines instead of by hand

Land, labor, and capital

Factors of production

Industrialization

The process of developing machines to produce goods

Factory

A building where machines are used to make goods

Urbanization

The movement of people to cities

Crystal Palace Exhibition

An exhibition which showed off advancements in technology and culture

Stock

A portion of a company that can be bought and sold