Human Physiology Westcott final

Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of structures of the ankle and foot

Regional Anatomy

A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n)______

exercise physiologist

The smallest independently functioning biological unit of an organism is a(n)_____

Cell

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an____

Organ

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the

Skeletal system

Metabolism can be defined as the

sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Adenosine triphosphate is an important molecule because it

stores energy for use by body cells

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. thus cancer cells lack

differentiation

Human have the most urgent need for continuous supple of

oxygen

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true

All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________.

a control center

Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________.

sweat glans to increase their output

Which of the following is an example of normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?

Childbirth

What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?"

None of the above

To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________.

midsagittal plane

Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________.

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an_____.

Atom

The characteristic that give an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________.

Protons

On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have_____.

more than 80 neutrons each

Oxygen has an atomic number of Eight. How many electron shells does it likely have?

2

Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound?

H2

A molecule of water contains one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________.

polar covalent bonds

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes

An ion

A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) _______.

Salt

The energy stored in a ball at the top of a hill is _______.

potential energy

The bonding of calcium, phosphorus and other elements produces mineral crystals that re found in bone. this is n example of a(n) ______ reaction.

sythesis

__________ reactions release energy.

Catabolic, exergonic and decomposition

Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction?

hydrogen and hydrogen

Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________.

saliva contains enzymes

Ch4 is methane. This compound is ________.

organic

The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ____________ their ____________ gradient.

down; concentration

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________.

active transport

The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures?

Ribosomes

Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton?

They are all polymers of protein subunits

Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell?

mitochondria

The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features?

a double cell membrane

Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT?

CGAATATA

Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis

G1

How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid?

3

Which of the following is not made out of RNA?

A ribosome

Which of the following is part of the elongation step of DNA synthesis?

attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand

Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization; chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome

DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome

what multipotent stem cells from children are sometimes banked by parents?

Cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth

Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pluripotency, unipotency, multipotency.

pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency

Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA contain alternating sugar-phosphate molecule whereas RNA does not contain sugars

Which of the following is unique to the muscle of facial expression

They insert into the skin

Which of the following helps an agonist work?

a synergist

Which is moved the least during muscle contraction?

the origin

Which muscle has a convergent pattern of fascicles

pectoralis major

Which arrangement best describes a bipennate muscle?

The muscle fibers feed in on an angle to a long tendon from both sides.

The location of a muscle's insertion and origin can determine

Muscle name

Which muscle name does not make sense

extensor minimus longus

Which of the following is a prime mover in head flexion?

sternocleidomastoid

Where is the inferior oblique muscle located

in the eye socket

what is the action of the masseter?

chewing

The names of the extrinsic tongue muscles commonly end in _______

glossus

what is the function of the erector spinae?

rotating of the vertebral column

which of the following abdominal muscles is not a part of the anterior abdominal wall?

quadratus lumborum

Which muscle pair plays a role in respiration

diaphragm, scalene

which muscle extends the forearm?

triceps brachii

Aside from the nervous system, which other organ system develops out of the ectoderm?

integumentary

Which primary vesicle of the embryonic nervous system does not differentiate into more vesicles at the secondary stage?

mesencephalon

Which adult structure(s) arises from the diencephalon?

thalamus, hypothalamus, retina

Which non-nervous tissue develops from the neuroectoderm?

craniofacial bone

which structure is associated with embryologic development of the peripheral nervous system?

neural crest

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in speaking?

frontal

What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis?

hypothalamus

What level of the brain stem is the major input to the cerebellum?

pons

What region of the spinal cord contains motor neurons that direct the movement of skeletal muscles?

anterior horn

brodmann's areas map different regions of the ______ to particular functions.

cerebral cortex

What blood vessel enters the cranium to supply the brain with fresh, oxygenated blood?

internal carotid artery

Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS?

dura mater

what type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus

ependymal cell

Which portion of the ventricular system is found within the diencephalon?

third ventricle

What condition causes a stroke?

Disruption of blood to the brain

What type of receptor cell is responsible for transducing pain stimuli?

nociceptor

Which of these cranial nerves is part of the gustatory system?

Facial

Which submodality of taste is sensitive to the pH of saliva?

sour

Axons from which neuron in the retina make up the optic nerve?

retinal ganglion cells

What type of receptor cell is involved in the sensations of sound and balance

mechanoreceptor

Which nucleus in the medulla is connected to the inferior colliculus?

cochlear nucleus

Visual stimuli in the upper-left visual field will be processed in what region of the primary visual cortex

inferior right

Which location on the body has the largest region of somatosensory cortex representing it, according to the sensory homunculus

Lips

Which of the following is a direct target of the vestibular ganglion?

Cerebellum

Which region of the frontal lobe is responsible for initiating movement by directly connecting to cranial and spinal motor neurons?

Primary motor cortex

Which extrapyramidal tract incorporates equilibrium sensations with motor commands to aid in posture and movement?

vestibulospinal tract

Which region of gray matter in the spinal cord contains motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles?

ventral horn

What type of reflex can protect the foot when a painful stimulus is sensed?

withdrawal reflex

what is the name for the topographical representation of the sensory input to the somatosensory cortex

homunculus

___________ is a molecule that activates nociceptors by interacting with temperature- sensitive ion channel and is the basis for "hot" sensations in spicy food.

Capsaicin

Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response?

Increased stomach motility

Which type of fiber could be considered the longest

preganglionic parasympathetic

Which signaling molecule is most likely responsible for an increase in digestive activity?

acetylcholine

Which of these cranial nerves contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

Facial, CN VII

Which of the following is not a target of a sympathetic preganglionic fiber?

intermural ganglion

Which of the following represents a sensory input that is not part of both the somatic and autonomic systems?

baroreception

What is the term for reflex that does not include a CNS component?

Short reflex

what neurotransmitter will result in constriction of the pupil

acetylcholine

what gland produces a secretion that cause fight-or-flight responses in effectors?

adrenal medulla

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?

acetylcholine decreases digestion