AcDec Art S3

Whereas in eighteenth-century America the key to artistic success lay in \___________, expectations for artists in Europe were radically different.

portraiture

Did the colonies have systems of patronage?

no

Did European countries have systems of patronage?

yes

The first fine art academies were formed in \____- century Italy to replace the \_____ \______ as the principal means of training artists.

16th, guild system

The first \____ \___ \_________ were formed in sixteenth- century \_____ to replace the guild system as the principal means of training artists.

fine art academies, Italy

The first fine art academies were formed in sixteenth- century Italy to replace the guild system as the principal means of training artists. The \______ \_____ \_______, formed in 1648, went further in codifying the curriculum and function of the academy.

French Royal Academy

The first fine art academies were formed in sixteenth- century Italy to replace the guild system as the principal means of training artists. The French Royal Academy, formed in 1648, went further in codifying the \__________ and \________ of the academy.

curriculum, function

The French Royal Academy, formed in 1648, served a nationalistic agenda of developing \______ \______ to fulfill \_____ \__________.

French artists, royal commissions

Before the formation of the French Royal Academy, where did previous French monarchs import most of their art from?

Italy and Flanders

Instruction in the French Royal Academy centered on \_______, which was taught first by copying etchings and engravings. Students would then move on to copying \_____-\__________ \_______, first plaster casts, then full size \__________ and finally drawing from live models.

drawing, three-dimensional objects, sculptures,

Instruction in the French Royal Academy centered on drawing, which was taught first by copying \_______ and \__________. Students would then move on to copying three-dimensional objects, first plaster casts, then full size sculptures, and finally drawing from live models.

etchings, engravings

Instruction in the French Royal Academy centered on drawing, which was taught first by copying etchings and engravings. Students would then move on to copying three-dimensional objects, first \________ \_____, then full size sculptures, and finally drawing from \____ \_______.

plaster casts, live models

The French Royal academy was inherently \___________ in nature; one had to apply for membership and advance through its levels over time.

hierarchical

The French Royal academy was inherently hierarchical in nature; one had to apply for \__________ and advance through its levels over time.

membership

In the French Royal Academy, what was given priority, painting or sculpture?

painting

The academies propagated the "\_________ \__ \______," which established history painting as the most elevated subject of art.

hierarchy of genres

Rank the 5 different art subjects in order from most respected to least respected by the academies

History painting, portraiture, genre painting, landscape, still life

History paintings were prized by the academies because they were \_____ \__ \_____ and featured multiple figures in different poses, and thus demonstrated a complex command of \______ \_______.

large in scale, figure drawing

History paintings were prized by the academies because they were large in scale and featured \________ \________ in \__________ \_____, and thus demonstrated a complex command of figure drawing.

multiple figures, different poses

Artists typically took their subjects from the \_____ or \_________ \_________ and incorporated an underlying \_____ \_______. History painting required both creativity and intellect in that artists used their imagination to develop a scene that they had not witnessed.

bible, classical mythology, moral message

Artists typically took their subjects from the bible or classical mythology and incorporated an underlying moral message. History painting required both \________ and \_________ in that artists used their \___________ to develop a scene that they had not witnessed.

creativity, intellect, imagination

Historical painters often included \______ \_________ from earlier paintings or classical sculpture—another way for artists to demonstrate their \________ \_______ and \___ \_________ \_______.

visual quotations, advanced training, art historical knowledge

Historical painters often included visual quotations from earlier \________ or \_________ \_______—another way for artists to demonstrate their advanced training and art historical knowledge.

paintings, classical sculpture

Women were typically precluded from producing history painting because they were not allowed to study from \____ \______.

nude models

Women were rarely allowed to train in the academies; the few that were admitted often had a \________ \________ to an existing member.

familial connection

Female academicians were guided toward \______ painting and \__________.

floral, portraiture

Who founded the Royal Academy in London?

Sir Joshua Reynolds

the Royal Academy in London sought to establish \________ \_________ and promote the cause of \______ \___.

artistic standards, British Art

This person became the second president of the Royal Academy in London

Benjamin West

Who was the 1st president of the Royal Academy in London?

Joshua Reynolds

West played a pivotal role in introducing the idea of history painting based on \___________ \______ with his 1770 painting of The Death of General Wolfe.

contemporary events

West played a pivotal role in introducing the idea of \_______ \________ based on contemporary events with his 1770 painting of ....

history painting, The Death of General Wolfe

The French Royal Academy was dissolved in the aftermath of the ...

French Revolution

As \_____ \_________ receded in importance, art academies focused on the professionalization of artists and developing patrons.

royal patronage

As royal patronage receded in importance, art academies focused on the \__________________ of artists and developing \_______.

professionalization, patrons

While art training was their primary function, the academies' annual \___ \___________ and \________ played a crucial role in providing exposure for artists and educating the public about art.

art exhibitions, lectures

While art training was their primary function, the academies' annual art exhibitions and lectures played a crucial role in providing \________ for artists and \__________ \___ \______ about art.

exposure, educating the public

in the United States, artists recognized the need to establish their own \_________ to develop artistic
talent domestically.

academies

Having lost talented painters like \____ and \_____ to England, academies realized that keeping artists in America required developing an institutional support system.

West, Copley

Having lost talented painters like West and Copley to \_______, academies realized that keeping artists in America required developing an ....

England, institutional support system

in the United States, artists recognized the need to establish their own academies to develop artistic
talent domestically. The \________ \_______ \__ \___ \____ \____ was founded in 1802 with this in mind.

American Academy of the Fine Arts

What was the American Academy of the Fine Arts originally known as?

the New York Academy of the Fine Arts

\____ \________, whose history paintings of the Revolutionary War came to define the conflict for generations, was the president of the
American Academy of the Fine Arts for twenty years.

John Trumbull

John Trumbull, whose history paintings of the \____________ \___ came to define the conflict for generations, was the president of the .... for twenty years.

Revolutionary War, American Academy of the Fine Arts

How long was John Trumbull the president of the American Academy of the Fine Arts for?

20 yrs

Under John Trumbull's leadership, \______ \_________ and the study of \_________ \______were promoted by the American Academy of the Fine Arts

history painting, classical models

Trumbull and the American Academy's \___________ led to dissatisfaction among younger painters.

conservatism

In 1825, Samuel Morse, Asher Durand, Thomas Cole, and others founded the \________ \_______ \__ \______ in New York City "to promote the fine arts in America through instruction and exhibition."

National Academy of Design

In 1825, \______ \_____, \_____ \______, \______ \____, and others founded the National Academy of Design in New York City "to promote the fine arts in America through instruction and exhibition."

Samuel Morse, Asher Durand, Thomas Cole

Which city was the National Academy of Design based in?

New York City

The \________ \_____, painted by Indigenous Americans under Spanish influence, are among the earliest historical narratives painted in America.

Segesser Hides

The Segesser Hides, painted by \__________ \_________ under \_______ influence, are among the earliest historical narratives painted in America.

Indigenous Americans, Spanish

The Segesser Hides, painted by Indigenous Americans under Spanish influence, are among the earliest \_________ \__________ painted in America.

historical narratives

The Segesser Hides were acquired by \_______ \___ \________ \___ \_______, a Jesuit priest who oversaw San Xavier del Bac in Pimería Alta

Philipp von Segesser von Brunegg

The Segesser Hides were acquired by Philipp von Segesser von Brunegg, a \______ priest who oversaw San Xavier del Bac in \_______ \____

Jesuit, Pimería Alta

The Segesser Hides were acquired by Philipp von Segesser von Brunegg, a Jesuit priest who oversaw \___ \______ \___ \___ in Pimería Alta

San Xavier del Bac

San Xavier del Bac now was a mission in what is now (which state?)

Arizona

After his time overseeing SanXavier del Bac in Pimería Alta, Segesser was transferred farther south in what was known as \___ \_____, to a mission in Pimería Baja.

New Spain

After his time overseeing San Xavier del Bac in Pimería Alta, Segesser was transferred farther south in what was known as New Spain, to a \_______ in \_______ \____.

mission, Pimería Baja

While at a mission in Pimería Baja, Segesser acquired three large \_______ \_____, probably from the Anzas, who were a prominent \________ family.

painted hides, military

While at a mission in \_______ \____, Segesser acquired three large painted hides, probably from the \_____, who were a prominent military family.

Pimería Baja, Anzas

Segesser sent the hides to his brother in \___________ in 1758. Two survived and remained there with the Segesser family for more than \___ years.

Switzerland, 200

How many of Segesser von Brunegg's 3 hides still remain?

2

In 1983, the 2 remaining Segesser hides were acquired by the \___ \______ \_______ \______, allowing the hides to return to the location where they were likely created.

New Mexico History Museum

Today the hides acquired from the Anzas by Segesser are known as...

Segesser I and II

Which Segesser hides is shown in the AcDec Art Reproductions booklet?

Segesser II

The Segesser hides are made of _ large, rectangular sections of what is most likely \_____ \____, sewn together with sinew and painted with naturally occurring pigments.

3, bison hide

The Segesser hides are made of three large, rectangular sections of what is most likely bison hide, sewn together with \_____ and painted with ....

sinew, naturally occurring pigments

Both Segesser hides depict \_____ \________ between ....

armed conflicts, native people and Europeans

Segesser I might show a skirmish in the vicinity of \__ \____/\______ \______, but the exact date and location are uncertain.

El Paso/Ciudad Juárez

It is believed that the Segesser hides were commissioned by \________ from a \______ workshop.

Spaniards, Pueblo

The large scale of Segesser II creates a \_________ \_____ that fills an entire wall, much like the \_____ \________ depicting \_______ that were used to decorate \________ in Europe.

panoramic image, woven tapestries, battles, palaces

How long is Segesser II?

17 ft

Is the certain what event Segesser I depicts?

no

Is the certain what event Segesser II depicts?

yes

Segesser II depicts a known historical event, a battle wherein \_______ troops and their allies were defeated in what is now \________ by the Skidi Pawnees and Otoes.

Spanish, Nebraska

Segesser II depicts a known historical event, a battle wherein Spanish troops and their allies were defeated in what is now Nebraska by the \_____ \_______ and \_____.

Skidi Pawnees, Otoes

In 1720, Governor \_______ \________ _ \_____ of the Province of New Mexico, which was part of \___ \_____, sent Spanish forces into the Great Plains because the governor was concerned that French traders were infiltrating the area and establishing settlements in Spanish territory.

Antonio Valverde y Cosio, New Spain,

In 1720, Governor Antonio Valverde y Cosio of the Province of New Mexico sent Spanish forces into the \_____ \______ because the governor was concerned that \______ \_______ were infiltrating the area and establishing settlements in Spanish territory.

Great Plains, French traders

Governor Antonio Valverde y Cosio hoped to establish a new \_______ for the Spanish Empire in the \______.

outpost, plains

Governor Antonio Valverde y Cosio hoped to establish a new outpost for the \_______ \______ in the plains.

Spanish Empire

On the command of Governor Antonio Valverde y Cosio, \_____ \__ \________ set out from Santa Fe with \__ Spanish troops, \__ Pueblo soldiers, a dozen Apache guides, and a Spanish priest.

Pedro de Villasur, 40, 60

On the command of Governor Antonio Valverde y Cosio, Pedro de Villasur set out from \_____ \__ with forty Spanish troops, sixty Pueblo soldiers, \__ Apache guides, and a \______ \______.

Santa Fe, 12, Spanish priest

Pedro de Villasur and his men traveled northeast from New Mexico, eventually moving through \______ into eastern \_______.

Kansas, Nebraska

Pedro de Villasur and his men set up camp near the confluence of the \____ and \______ Rivers.

Loup, Platte

Pedro de Villasur and his men were attacked in their sleep by \______ and \____warriors who lived in the area and were also allies of the \______.

Pawnee, Otoe, French

Pedro de Villasur and his men were attacked in their sleep by Pawnee and Otoe warriors who lived in the area. \__ Pueblo soldiers and \__ Spaniards, including Villasur himself, were among the dead. The survivors lost all their \_____ \_____ and supplies and were forced to return to \___ \______ in defeat.

10, 36, trade goods, New Mexico

Segesser II depicts a group of \_______ grouped together and encircled by the enemy.

Spaniards

Segesser II depicts a group of Spaniards, who can be identified by their \_____, \____-\_______ \____, grouped together and encircled by the enemy.

brown, wide-brimmed hats

In Segesser II, the \______ men and the \_________ both wear sleeveless jackets made of several layers to protect them from arrows.

Pueblo, Spaniards

In Segesser II, the Pueblo men and the Spaniards both wear \__________ \______ made of several layers to protect them from \______.

sleeveless jackets, arrows

In Segesser II, the Pueblo are hatless, with long hair tied in \____

buns

In Segesser II, Frenchmen are depicted in \_______ hats, with \____ or \______ coats and leggings.

tricorne, blue, reddish-brown

In Segesser II, the Pawnee and Otoe warriors are nude or in \________ and \_________

leggings, moccasins

In Segesser II, the Pawnee and Otoe are decorated with vivid, individualized ....

body paint

In Segesser II, the hooded man holding a cross can be identified as the priest who accompanied the expedition, Father \____ \______.

Juan Mingez

In Segesser II, the \_________ missionary Juan Mingez is shown blessing the injured and dying men; he eventually died in the attack as well.

Franciscan

Scholars have found no evidence indicating that \______ soldiers participated in the battle shown in Segesser II, but rumors circulated that they were there.

French

Scholars have found no evidence indicating that French soldiers participated in the battle shown in Segesser II, but rumors circulated that they were there. One theory posits that the French soldiers are included here to help \_______ \________ explain the defeat of his troops to the ....

Governor Valverde, viceroy of New Spain

The amount of detail in the Segesser II painting implies that it was based upon first-hand accounts of the battle, perhaps recounted directly to the painter by one of the nearly fifty \______ fighters who returned.

Pueblo