NURS 106 QUIZ 1

U 1 L 1 - U 3 L 1

Homeostasis

ability of a cell to regulate internal conditions

auto regulation

local. occurs when a cell, tissue, organ or organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change

Extrinsic

involves the nervous system and endocrine system

nervous system - directs rapid short-term and specific responses

endocrine - releases chemical messengers or hormones into the bloodstream which then affect tissues or organs -- no immediate but is long term

matter

anything that takes up space

mass

amount of material in matter

element

pure substance made up of one type of atom

subatomic particles

protons, neutrons, electrons

what changes in isotopes

different number of neutrons

which bonds are strong bonds

covalent bonds

what are electrolytes

Substances that release ions in water

what plays an important role in regulating fluid and electrolyte levels

kidneys, digestive tract and skeletal system

blood ph <7.35

acidosis

blood ph > 7.45

alkalosis

4 basic types of macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

what are macromolecules made up of

monomers

What are carbohydrates made of?

monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

cellulose, starch, glycogen

types of lipids

glycerides, sterols, phospholipids

what are proteins made up of

amino acids joined by peptide bonds

what do proteins do

structural support, transportation, buffer in pH, immune defence, regulation of metabolism

what are nucleic acids made up of

nucleotides -- atgcu

anaerobic respiration

doesn't require oxygen glycolysis -- net gain of 2 ATP

aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen Krebs cycle- net gain of 34ATP

2 classes of cells

sex and somatic

what does the plasma membrane determine

how meds will work

phospholipid bilayer

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

only hydrophobic substances can enter or exit directly through the membrane

Importance of cholesterol

stabilizes the cell membrane -- hardens it a little (makes it less permeable)

plasma membrane functions

physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity to the environment, structural support

2 classes of membrane proteins

integral (within the membrane, not easily separated from the membrane) and peripheral( inner or outer surface of membrane)

Types of membrane proteins

anchoring, recognition, enzymes, receptor, carrier, and channels

anchoring proteins

attach plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position

recognition proteins

cells of immune system recognize other cells as normal or abnormal

many recognition proteins are glycoproteins

receptor proteins

plasma membrane are sensitive to the presence of specific extracellular ion or molecules called ligands

membrane carbohydrates

proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

what do membrane carbohydrates do

extend out of cell membrane

form stick sugar coat (glycocalyx)

functions of glucocalyx

lubricant and protection

anchoring and locomotion

specificity and binding

recognition -- immune system

passive processes

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

active processes

active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

factors influencing diffusion

Distance the particle has to move, molecule size, temperature, concentration gradient, electrical forces

two types of active transport explained

primary and secondary

primary - app required

secondary - piggyback method. piggyback on the movement of something else. co-transport and counter transport

endocytosis

into the cell

Exocytosis

out of the cell

vesicular transport

membranous sacs -- allows movement of larger particles

what is a tissue

collection of specialized cells that preform a specific function

study of tissue

histology

4 types of tissue

symport

Cotransport of solutes across a membrane in the same direction.

mesothelia( simple squamous)

pericardia, Plura, peritoneal, body cavities

endothelia(simple squamous)

blood vessels, heart

what sets epithelial cells apart from others

regeneration

enervated

lots of nerves

epithelia containing glands

glandular epithelia

release secretion into the blood

endocrine glands

release their secretions direction into the blood

exocrine

where are simple squamous cells found

where diffusion takes place

alveoli, lining of thoracic cavity and lining of the heart and blood vessels

Where are stratified squamous cells found?

where mechanical stress is severe. surface of the skin, lining of the mouth, esophagus, anus

where are simple cuboidal cells found

glands and ducts

stratified cuboidal location

ducts of swear glands and mammary glands

where are simple columnar cells

small intestine, large intestine, and stomach

where are pseudo stratified columnar cells found

respiratory tract

where are stratified columnar cells found

pharynx, epiglottis, anus, and urethra

where are transitional cells found

urinary bladder

what 3 things to epithelia cells depend on to be an effective barrier

intercellular connections , attachment to the basement membrane, epithelial maintenance and repair

2 types of intercellular connections

cell adhesion molecules

cell junctions

cell adhesion molecules

mechanically link cell to extracellular material and holds cells together on basement membrane

3 types of cell junctions

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

lumen

tube

gap junctions

Cluster of communicating tunnels (connexons) that allow direct passage of small ions/molecules

tight junctions

apical regions of epithelial cells

protect from pathogens

desmosomes

strong and resists stretching and twisting -- why skin comes off in sheets

what does connective tissue do

attaches epithelia cells to basement membrane

is connective tissue vascular

yes

what does connective tissue consist of

specialized cells in a matrix of extracellular fibres and ground substance

mast cells

Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine and heparin) that promote inflammation.

macrophages

phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells

plasmacyte

plasma cell

adipocytes

fat cells

Lymphocytes

come before plasma cells

Fibrocytes

Fibrocytes are spindle-shaped cells that maintain the connective tissue fibers of connective tissue proper.

Mesenchymal cells

stem cells that are present in many connective tissues. These cells respond to local injury or infection

mmature connective tissue cells Haven't specialized yet

Melanocytes

synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin

Lymphocytes

Part if immune system, Some lymphocytes may develop into plasma cells

microphages

Smaller version of macrophages

Collagen fibers

Most common connective tissue fiber Provide structure and high tensile strengthDoesn't break easily Intertwined rope of protein

Reticular fibers

Delicate support Thinner than collagen Turn into mesh network -- provide support Found in Spleen and liver

functions of connective tissue

Provide structural framework for the body Transport fluids and dissolve materials Supports and protects organs Interconnect other types of tissues Store energy Defend against microorganisms

3 classifications of connective tissue

1. connective tissue proper

2. fluid connective tissue

3. supporting connective tissue

2 categories of connective tissue proper

loose(adipose-fat) and dense(tendons)

fluid connective tissue

blood and lymph

supporting connective tissue

cartilage and bones

types of loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

areolar

not that specialized Loosely organized cells in fibers Underneath epithelial Helps bind skin and underlaying structure Acts as a cushion, provides support and allows for movement Adipose tissue

areolar tissue

not specialized fat surrounds organs behind eyes

reticular tissue

inside organs (liver, spleen) structural framework for the organ

types of dense connective tissue

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

dense regular connective tissue

tendons and ligaments - organized

dense irregular tissue

collagen fibers not organized well

provides strength to deep layers of skin

elastic tissue

collagen outnumbered by elastic fibers

stability, movement and supports transitional epithelial cells

supportive connective tissue

cartilage and bone (avascular)

types of cartalige

hayline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrous cartilage