ONE HELLA BIG CHEM REVIEW

prep for the 2023 chemistry regents

Acidity

a measure of the hydrogen (hydronium) ion concentration of a solution

activated complex

the temp intermediate product in a chemical reaction

activation energy

the amt of energy needed to form an activated complex from reactants

addition polymerization

joining of monomers of unsaturated compounds

addition reaction

an organic reaction in which a substance such as hydrogen or a halogen is added to the site of a double or triple bond

alcohol

an organic compound containing the hydroxyl group (-OH) as the functional group

aldehyde

an organic compound in which the carbonyl group (-C= O) is at the end of a carbon chain

alkali metal

an element 1 group

alkaline earth metal

an element of group 2

alkalinity

a measure of the hydroxide ion concentration of a solution

alkane

one of a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons

alkene

one of a homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain one double covalent bond

alkyl group

a group that contains one less hydrogen atom than a alkane with the same number of carbon atoms

allotrope

one of two or more different forms of an element in the same phase

alloy

a homogeneous mixture of a metal with another element usually another metal

alpha particle

a helium nucleus

amide

the product obtained from the reaction of an organic acid with an amine

amine

an ammonia derivative in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by an alkyl group

amino acid

an organic compound containing both the amine group (-NH2) and the carboxylic group (-COOH)

alkyne

one of a homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain one triple bond

analysis

a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down (decomposed) into a simpler substances

anode

the site in an electrochemical cell where oxidation occurs

arrhenius acid

a substance that produces hydronium (H3O+) as the only positive ions when dissolved in water

Arrhenius base

a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) as the only negative ions when dissolved in water

artificial transmutation

a transmutation caused by bombarding a nucleus with a high energy particle, such as a neutron or an aloha particle

asymmetrical molecule

a molecule that lacks identical atomic structure on each side of an axis

atom

the smallest particle of an element that can enter into a chemical reaction

atomic mass

the average mass of all the isotopes in a sample of an element

atomic mass

the average mass of all the isotopes in a sample an element

atomic mass unit (AMU)

one-twelfth the mass of a carbon- 12 atom

atomic number

the # of protons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic radius

half the distance between two adjacent atoms in a crystal or half the distance between nuclei of identical atoms bonded together

avogadro’s (avocado) number

the # of representative particles contained in one mole of a substance; is equal to 6.02 X 10^23 particles

beta particles

high energy electrons whose source is an atomic nucleus

boiling point

the temp at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure

catalyst

a substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed

cathode

the site in an electrochemical cell where reduction occurs

chemical change

a reaction in which the composition of a substance is changed

chemistry

the study of the composition of matter and changes that occur in it

coefficient

the number placed before a formula indicating the # of units of that substance

collision theory

for a chemical reaction to occur reactant particles must collide

combustion

an exothermic reaction with oxygen releasing heat

compound

a substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined in a definite proportions by mass

condensation

an exothermic process in which a vapor or gas changes into the liquid phase; the potential energy of the substance decreases during this constant temp process; the reverse of the vaporization process

condensation polymerization

the bonding of monomers by removing water from hydroxyl groups and joining the monomers by an ether or ester linkage

conductivity

a measure of the ability of an electric current to flow through a substance

conjugate acid base pair

a pair of chemical formulas that differ only by the presence of a hydrogen ion

covalent bond

a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two nuclei

decomposition

a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler substances

deposition

the process in which a gas changes directly into a solid; the reverse of sublimation

diatomic molecule

a molecule containing two identical atoms

dipole-dipole forces

a force of attraction between adjacent polar molecule

double covalent bond

the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two nuclei

double replacement

a chemical reaction in which ions exchange places

ductility

a property of a metal that enables it to be drawn into a wire

electrochemical cell

a system in which there is an electric current flowing while a chemical reaction occurs

electrode

the site at which oxidation or reduction occurs; an anode or cathode

electrolysis

a process in which an electric current forces a nonspontaneous redox reaction to occur

electrolyte

a substance whose water solution conducts an electric current

electrolytic cell

a cell that requires electricity to cause a non spontaneous chemical reaction to occur

electron

a fundamental particle of matter having a negative charge

electron configuration

the distribution of the electrons in an atom

electronegativity

a measure of the attraction of a nucleus for a bonded electron

element

substances that cannot be broken down or decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means

empirical formula

the simplest integer ratio in which atoms combine to form a compound

endothermic

a chemical reaction that absorbs heat producing products with more potential energy than the reactants

entropy

a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system

equilibrium

a condition in which the rates of opposing reaction are equal

equilibrium expression

a mathematical expression that shows the relationship of a reactants and products of a system of a system at equilibrium

ester

the organic product of an esterification reaction containing -COOC- as the functional group

esterification

a chemical reaction between an alcohol and an acid to produce an ester and water

ether

an organic compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon atoms (R1-O-R2)

evaporation

the process by which molecules in the liquid phase escape into the gaseous phase

excited state

the condition that exists when the electrons of an atom occupy higher energy levels while lower energy levels are vacant

exothermic

a chemical reaction that releases heat, producing products with less potential energy than the reactants

family

a vertical column on the periodic table

fermentation

an organic reaction in which ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced

fission

splitting of large nuclei into middle weight nuclei and neutrons

formula mass

the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms present

formula

symbols and subscripts used to represent the composition of a substance

freezing point

the temp at which both the solid and liquid phases of a substance exist in equilibrium; the same temp as the substances melting point

freezing

the constant temp process in which particles in the liquid phase lose energy and change into the solid phase; also known as solidification; the reverse of the melting point

functional group

the atom or atoms that replace a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon and give a class of organic compounds characteristic properties

fusion

the constant temp process in which particles in the solid phase gain energy to break away into the liquid phase; aka melting; the reverse of the freezing process;( in nuclear chem") the combining of light nuclei into a heavier nucleus

gamma ray

high energy ray similar to an X ray

gaseous phase

a phase of matter without definite shape or volume

GFM

the formula mass expressed in grams instead of AMU

ground state

the condition of an atom or ion in which the electrons occupy the lowest available energy levels

group

a vertical column on the periodic table

half life

the length of time for half of a given sample of a radioisotope

half reaction

a reaction that shows either the OX (an ox) or reduction (RED CAT) portion of a REDOX reaction

halide

a salt that includes a halogen

halogen

an element of group 17

heat

energy transferred from one substance to another; measured in units of calories or joules

heat of fusion

the amt of heat needed to convert a unit mass of a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point

heat of vaporization

the amt of heat needed to convert a unit mass of a substance from a liquid to a vapor at its boiling point

homogeneous

a mixture in which the substances are not uniformly mixed

heterogenous

a substance in which the are uniformly mixed

homologous series

a group of related compounds in which each member differs from the one before it by the same additional unit

hydrate

the crystalline form of an iconic substance that contains a definite # of water molecules