Exam 2

protosome info

blastophore becomes mouth, spiral cleavage/ determinate, schizocoely

deuterosome info

blastophore becomes anus, radial/ interminate cleavage, enterocoely

phylum rotifera

wheel animals, found almost everywhere

rotifer morphology

corona, bilobed brain, mastax, digestive sys, pseudocoel, trunk, foot with toes

rotifer reproduction

dioecious (one sex), males usualy smaller, hyperdermic impregnation

phylum nematoda info (roundworms)

marine FW and soil, free-living, parasitive almsot every type of plant/ animal

roundworm body plan

slender, taper at both ends, cuticle resists desication

roundworm locomotion

longitudinal muscles only, thrashing motion

roundworm reproduction

mostly dioecious, males smaller, internal fertilization

ascaris lumbricoides info

human intestine, ingestion of eggs on soil or vegetables, juveniles hatch and burrow throught intestine wall into blood vessels and eventually reach the trachea to be swallowed, ascaricides infection

necator americanus hookworm info

cut into intestinal wall and suck blood, cause anemia, reduce growth in children and cause death in infants

hookworms lifecycle

eggs in feces, rhabditiform larva hatches, filariform larva, larva penetrates skin, enters blood stream, heads to lungs, eventually swallowed, adults in small intestine

trichinella spiralis info

trichinosis infection, eating undercooked pork, damaged caused by migrating larva in muscle tissue, no treatment

trichinella life cycle

encysted larva in muscle (pig), larva released in small intestine, adults in small intestine, larva deposited in mucosa, circulation of encysted larva to muscle

enterobius vermicularis pinworms info

live in large intesine, females migrate to anal region to lay eggs at night, common in children, most common worm infection in US

wucheria bancrofti info

filarial worm, live in lymphatic sys, inflammation and obstruction of lymph sys, mosquito vector, elephantiasis/ lymphatic filariasis

wucheria life cycle

mosquito bites human, larvae enter, adults in lymphatics, adults produce microfilariae that migrates to lymph and blood channels, mosquito bites, ingests microfilariae, MF sheds sheath and penetrates midgut, mogrates tio thoracic muscles, L1-L3 larvae, migrate to mosquito probuscus, mosquito bites human

onchocera volvulus info

river blindness, vector is black flies, causes dermatitis, eye lesions, subq nodules

dinofilaria dog heartworm info

vector is mosquito, preventable with heartworm medication

common parasitic nematodes

dinofilaria, onchocerca volvulus, wucheria bancrofti, enterobius vermicularis, necator, ascaris lumbricoides

coelomate protosomes

coelom lined with peritoneum, complete digestive tract, well developed circulatory, excretory, and nervous system

phylum onychopora velvet worms info

antenna, oral papilla, oral lobes, first leg, worm like, open circulatory sys, tracheal sys w/ spiracles, rainforest and leafy habitats, predaceous, mostly dioecious, release streams of sticky fluid that hardens

phylum annelida segmented worms info

aquatic worms, earthworms, leeches, marine Fw and terrestrial, everywhere, cuticle, hydrostatic skeleton, complete digestive sys, gas exchange thru gills, skin, or parapodia, segmentation(metamerism)

phylum annelida

class errantia(polychaeta), class sedentaria

class errantia (polychaeta) info

marine worms, largest class, diverse habitats, reproduction is timed with exogenous/ environmental cues, breeding season; tail end degenerates and repro organs inc in size, epitokes break free and swim to surface for mass spawning once a year

trochopore larva

ciliated, top shaped, prominent circlet of cilia

representative polychaetes

nereis; clam worms and sand worms, predatory, active most at night

scale worms

flattened bodies and covered w scales, most abundant and diverse, cernivorous, fire worms (hollow setae with poisionous secretions), aphrodite sea mouse (spines that can trap light, signals to predators its poisonous but its not)

class sedentaria tube worms info

secrete different kinds of tubes, leathery, firm, calcareous

class errantia (polychaeta) members

nereis, fire worms, aphrodita, trochopore larva

class sedentaria members

fanworms, arenicola, lumbricis terrestris, stylaria, tubiflex, leeches

fanworms info

feather dusters, feathery arms (radioles), ciliary action carries food down the arms

arenicola lungworm info

u shaped burrow, peristaltic movement

class sedentara orders/ familys

order clitellata; familt lumbricidae, family hirudinea

family lumbricidae earthworms (oligochaetes)

few short setae, cuticle, clitellum (reproductive band), mostly FW or Terr, body divided into 100+ segments, typhlosole inc surface area for absorption, eat their own weight in soil/day diffusion, excretion: metanephridia, 5 hearts and closed circulatory sys, nervous sys: cerebral ganglia+nerves

earthworms eating

phayrnx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus

earthworms reproduction

hemaphroditic, clitellum secreted cocoon where fertilized eggs develop

stylaria info

FW, prostomium drawin into snout, prominent setae

tubiflex info

live in tubes, intermediate host for a parasite that causes whirling disease

benefits of earthworms

inc soil fertility and richness, create channels for aeration and drainage

family hirudinea leeches info

mostly fw, no setae or appendages, ectoparasitic blood suckers, scavengers, predators, most are fluid feeders

leech reproduction

hemaphrodites, clitellum present during breeding season, secreted cocoon for eggs deposited on substrate or host

leech uses

medicinally, secrete hirudin (anticoagulant), improves circulation

phylum tardigarda info

water bears or moss piglets, small, most are terr, live everywhere, hydrobiosis to survive extreme conditions, Tun mechanism

tardigarda info

8 legs, cuticle, diffusion of gasses, longitudinal muscles, hydrostatic skeleton, mostly dioecious, turn into a Tun when in absence of water

homeostasis

balance of physiological processes

mechanisms

excretion (rid body of waste), osmoregulation (regulate osmotic pressure and fluids/ electrolytes

nitrogenous wastes from most to least toxic

ammonia, urea, uric acid

metabolsim of AA (dremination)

nitrogen containing amino group removed and converted to ammonia

protonephridia

tubules with no internal openings (flatworms), fluid enters flame cells, excess fluid exits thru nephridiopores

metanephridia

tubules open at both ends (annelids and mollusks), urine exits through nephridiopores

Malphighian Tubules (MT)

extensions of insect gut wall, removal or nitrogenous wastes from blood, reabsorption of water and ions in rectum

the vertebrate kidney

excreted nitrogenous wastes, helps maintain fluid balance by adjusting salt and water content of urine

osmoconformer info

salt concentration of body fluids varies w changes in sea water, marine vertebrates

osmoregulation info

maintain optimal salt fluid balance, coastal marine invertebrates

estuary habitat info

salinity always changing, osmotic regulation, resists dilution of body fluids, active transport of salts into the body

hypertonic

cell or tissue with higher salt concentration than the solution its immersed in

hypotonic

cell or tissue with lower salt concentration than the solution its immersed in

marine bony fish adaptations

drink sea water, excrete salt thru gills, produce isotonic urine, hypotonic to their environmente

sharks and other marine cartilaginous fishes info

retain large amounts of urea, excrete large volume of hypotonic urine, high urea conc makes their body slightly hypertonic

marine mammals info

ingest sea water with food, produce concentrated urine

terrestrial vertebrates info

efficient kidneys, must conserve water, endotherms, high metabolic rate, produce large volume of nitrogenous wastes

phylum mollusca info

bilateral, free-living, sexual repro, mono & dioecious, gas exchange by lungs, gills, mantle or body surface

mollusca “mollis”

meaning soft, soft bodied animals, usually covered by a shell secreted by the mantle

mollusca anatomy

mantle: secretes the shell, muscular foot: locomotion and attachment, radula: feeding, most have an open circulatory system w pumping heart and some vessels, reduced coelom, nephridia

trochophore larva info

ciliated, top shaped, first larval stage, free-swimming, share ancestor with annelids

class polyplacophora - marine chitons

8 interlocking plates, flattened dorso-ventrally, rocky intertidal regions, eat algae, some predacious, broad foot, mantle wraps around plates, radula, external gills

class gastropoda info - stomach foot

snails, slugs, largest most diverse group, mostly marine, herbivores, some predacious, ctenidia (gills), nephridia (single kidney), sinistral or dextral shells, limpets (heart shaped shell), nudibranch (no shell)

class gasropoda development

trochophore or veliger larva, body undergoes torsion (intestine twists up and around for anus to be at front of shell)

class gastropoda reproduction

mono & dioecious, mostly internal fertilization, courtship ceremonies, some monoecious species produce love darts

nudibranchs info - plumed sea slugs

feed mainly on sea anenomes and hydroids, cerata (body projections on back)

conus

lethal sting, conotoxin, specific for preferred pray fish, carnivorous snails

class Bivalvia info - clams, scallops, oysters

two part shell hinged dorsally, laterally compressed, basically sedentary, filter feeders, gill cilia produce currents to gather food

feeding in FW clams

incurrent flow, sand and debris out, over foot, down external gill, excurrent flow

pearl formation

sand gets into mantle, nacre secreted coating the grain of sand until it becomes a pearl

bivalve diversity

1. eastern oysters: form reefs, filter feed, prevent erosion

2. FW muscles: glochidia larva (parasitic) attach to specific host gills or skin, no planktonic larval stage

3. Zebra muscles: invasive

4. Teredo ship worms: burrow in wood, long siphons, feed on parasites

5. Scallops: free-swimming, blue eyes on mantle

6. Tridacna clams: mantle tissues are a habitat for symbiotic zooxanthellae

Oyster lifecycle

adults release eggs and sperm into water, trochophore larva, veliger larva, develops into a spat, then adult

class monoplacophora info - one plate

living fossils, neophilina, serial repetition, 3-6 pairs of gills, 3-7 pairs of nephridia

class scaphopoda info - tusk or tooth shells

tubular shells, foot used to burrow, tentacles for feeding, gas exchange via mantle

class cephalopoda info - head foot, squid, octopods, nautilus

all marine, tentacles are evolved version of foot, well developed brain, giant nerve fibers, eye, chromatophores (pigment cells), ink, luminescent organs

class cephalopoda reproduction

separate sexes, hectocotylus (arm for spermatophore transfer), color displays against other males, fertilized eggs attached to objects

octopus info

8 arms w suction cups, no shell, some can release body parts and grow them back, 9 brains, observational learning, problem solving, short and long term mem, escape artists, radula and beak and paralyzing saliva for feeding

squid info

8 arms and 2 tentacles, internal pen is like a shell, chromatophores, suckers with hooks or teeth

architeuthis info

largest invertebrate known (up to 43 ft), deep ocean, in diet of sperm whales

nautiloids info

mostly extinct, earlier shells were straight cones, only extant group nautilus: up to 90 tentacles, chambered shell, predators

ammonoids info

extinct cephalopods, elaborate shells, thought to become extinct at end of cretaceous

cuttle fish info

cuttlebone internal shell, 8 arms, 2 tentacles, eat mollusks and crabs, prey of dolphins and sharks

cephalopod locomotion

jet propulsion: forcefully expel water from mantle cavity, squid and cuttlefish: fins for stabilization, octopus: no fins, jet propulsion and crawling

economies of mollusks

many used as food, pearls, ship worms destroy ships and warfs, snails and slugs are garden pests, some snails parasite intermediates

external respiration

exchange of gasses between organisms and their environment

gas exchange in air and water

air has 20x more O2 than water and it diffuses faster

adaptions for gas exchange

protozoans, sponges, cnidarians, worms exchange gases thru diffusion, most annelids and many amphibians exchange gases across body surface, insects and other arthropods air enters spiracles, trachea branches to all body regions, book lung of spiders

aquatic animals and gas exchange

have gills, thin projections off body surface, sea stars have dermal gills, fishes and some arthropods have internal gills, dermal papulae (skin gills), sea squirts and lancelets have pharyngeal gill slits

bony fishes and gas exchange

operculum, move air or water over respiratory surfaces, countercurrent exchange system (80-95% O2 diffusion into blood), concurrent exchange (50% O2 diffusion into blood), gill arch, opercular exchange, blood vessels, gill filaments

Vertebrate lungs

increase surface area during evolution, supports elevated metabolic rate of endothermic animals

bird lungs

efficient, need lots of O2 for flight, one-way flow, trachea, airsacs, lungs

respiratory pigments

carry oxygen, homoglobin, 5% heme with iron for red color, 95% globin colorless protein

hemocyanins

most mollusks and some arthropods (horseshoe crab), copper w o2 gives blood blue color

pseudocoleomates

rotifers, nematodes

acoleomates

flatworms