MUSIC 10

Impressionism

As the nineteenth century came to an end, the artists introduced a new period called _____________________. It was a style of music and of painting that avoids definite forms or obvious statements, instead highlighting suggestion and atmosphere

Impressionism

This style covered the decades from 1870-1920

Impressionists

They took painting out of their studio into the open air---since one of their subjects is light. They prepared "insignificant" material like everyday scenes of middle-class life situation or nature in all aspects

Claude Monet

A famous impressionist artist, created the Impression, Sunrise painting. He was fascinated by the changing effect of light not only on color, but also on how the viewers perceived the artwork.

True

True or False - Impressionist composers' works expressed reaction to experience rather than the reality itself, keeping a calm perspective

Romantic period

Motivated the impressionist composers to search for exciting and different modes of expansion

piano

The twentieth-century instrumental forms added the ________________ to the orchestral instruments in creating musical compositions. It was believed to be capable of expressing the Impressionistic style in a composition

True

True or False - Impressionist composers found a new world of richness in rhythms, scales, and colors that showed contrasting styles with Western traditional forms.

Whole-tone Scale

Derived from non-Western countries. This is a pattern constructed entirely of whole-tone intervals. This is not formed from the black or white keys of the piano keys aline but by a combination of both. The scale does not have the interval of the seventh tone to the eighth. This is based on the whole tone interval from the tonic to the octave

Parallel or Gliding Chords

This is the interval between the lowest and the highest notes forming a chord. Forming of notes depend on the preferred intervals of the composers

Ninth chord

This is the extended chord with the seventh and the ninth notes added from the root note

Claude-Achille Debussy

The Impressionist Era was begun by the most important French composer of the early twentieth century

Claude-Achille Debussy

He was born on August 22, 1862 in Stm Germainen-Laye, near Paris. At eleven, he entered the Paris Conservatoire

Claude-Achille Debussy

His professors were shocked by his unique use of harmonies to the point that it defied the sacred rules of music theories. He is acknowledged as the outstanding Impressionist composer

Claude-Achille Debussy

introduced new chord combinations, whole-tone chords, parallel and bitonal chords, chromaticism, dissonances, and interesting rhythms and scales

Claude-Achille Debussy

One of his famous compositions was Suite Bergamasque. It contained one of the most popular pieces used nowadays, " Clair de Lune" (Moonlight)

Pelléas et Mélisande

One of the great masterpieces of Impressionist art was Debussy's only opera composition, ________________________. This masterpiece made Debussy more famous. He appeared in major cities of Europe to conduct his works

Whole-tone scales, fifths and octaves

Music styles of Debussy's Impressionistic music

Claude-Achille Debussy

His famous works are: Jeux, La Mer, L'enfant Prodigue (The Prodigal Son), Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun

Joseph Maurice Ravel

know for his styles and compositions. He was a French post-Impressionist composer, conductor, and pianist

Joseph Maurice Ravel

was born on March 7, 1875 in a village near Saint-Jean-de-Luz. He came from a family of artists. He received every inspiration from his Swiss father when his talent for music became obvious at an early age

Joseph Maurice Ravel

In 1888, he entered the Paris Conservatoire at the age of fourteen where he stayed until 1905

Joseph Maurice Ravel

His works are described as: Rhythms are more incisive, Melodies are broader in span and used "added" notes and unresolved appoggiaturas, harmonies are more dissonant, orchestration are influenced from the nineteenth-century composers

Joseph Maurice Ravel

Some of his famous works were Daphnis et Chloé, Rapsodie Espagnole, and Bolero

Appoggiatura

is written as a grace note prefixed to a principal note and printed in small character. type of musical ornament that creates a suspension and subtracts for itself half the time value of the principal note that follows

Allegro non troppo

1976 Italian animated film directed by Bruno Bozzetto. Parody of Walt Disney's Fantasia, which highlight six pieces of classic music

Bolero

Maurice Ravel's _________________ was used as background music in the third sequence of the Allegro Non Troppo

Bolero

one movement orchestral piece where the theme is played persistently by various instruments. Only the timbre changes, not the melody of the theme.

Bolero

The piece had an opening rhythm on the snare drum, with rhythm that continues persistently (in ostinato) throughout the work. It proceeds as played either in solo, duet, or quartet

Pablo Picasso

a significant artist of the twentieth century art, was born in Spain in 1881. One of his famous masterpieces was his Three Musicians in 1921.

Three Musicians in 1921

was of Synthetic Cubism style. It evoked happiness in rhythm, entirely unrealistic, and yet expressed the essence of its meaning

Three Musicians in 1921

This artwork was created using oil on canvas, and made of flat, lively colors, and abstract shapes. A clarinetist, a guitarist, and a singer holding sheets of music are the subject of this painting

True

True or False - Melody was nor absent during the twentieth century. It was a usual misperception by the listeners because it is hardly identifiablein this period.

Expressionism

Melodic compositions has been relatively less important than it was before. It gave an abstract form called _______________________

Expressionism

was a highly expressive style in art that sought to express disturbed conditions of the mind. It was the answer of the Germans in reaction to French Impressionism.

hyper-expressive harmony

The musical language of Expressionism preferred a _______________________ with leaps between the melody and the instrumentation's extreme registers

True

True or False - Expressionism is better performed with instruments than sung

Expressionistic composers

Introduced new methods of composition, new performance techniques, and new concepts of music theory as compared to the earlier periods. It made wide leaps and dissonant intervals

True

True or False - Expressionism turned away from the standard patterns, they discovered the possibilities of nonsymmetrical patterns

Polyrhythm

the use of several rhythmic patterns simultaneously

Polymeter

combined two or more meters

True

True or False - In expressionism, they still wrote meter but often mix meters within a measure

Polymeter

technique used irregular or asymmetrical meters, such as five or seven beats to a measure, instead of the usual duple, triple, or quadruple patterns

Polyharmony

created through the composers' inclusion of additional notes in the triads or chords resulting in a more dissonant sound

Polyharmony

combined two ot more streams of harmony against each other

Polytonality

From the development of polyharmony to the contrast of two keys played simultaneously was the presentation of ________________________

Polytonality

uses two or more keys (key signatures) together. Gave uniqueness in Expressionistic music

Atonality

It abandoned tonality

Atonality

much more of an innovation then polytonality, since it entirely eliminated the structure of key signatures. More dissonant sounds are expected when applying this innovation to music

large ensembles

a group of musicians playing or singing together

Chamber music

small number of musicians

True

True or False - Timbre, too, has changed in terms of the number of instruments. The twentieth-century orchestra was usually smaller than the large ensembles

Arnold Schoenberg

was born on September 13, 1874 in Vienna, Austria. He began studying violin at the age of eight. He only had musical instruction, the counterpoint lessons with Alexander von Zemlinsky.

Arnold Schoenberg

He was introduced by Zemlinsky to Vienna's styles of music. Several of his works were performed in Vienna a year later

Arnold Schoenberg

composed Transfigured Night

Transfigured Night

string sextet which he later orchestrated.

Arnold Schoenberg

In 1915 to 1923, he proposed music theories and developed structural procedures to replace tonality

Twelve-tone technique

Arnold Schoenberg was considered as the leader of contemporary musical thought since introducing influenced a method of composition called ___________________________

Twelve-tone technique

Replaced the tonal relationships but with a more structured system of compositions

Arnold Schoenberg

He was also inspired by the music of Richard Wagner, Johannes Brahms, and Johann Strauss

Twelve-tone technique

arrangement of the twelve chromatic pitches into a row that provides the melodic and harmonic basis for a music composition

Pitch classes

The notes are numbered by using the
corresponding number of half-steps from
the first note in the tone row. These
numbers are called the ______________

triskaidekaphobia

Arnold Schoenberg suffered from __________________________ a fear of the number 13. Unfortunately, he died on Friday, July 13, 1951

Prime

original composition of the Twelve-tone series

Inversion

inverted transposition from the given prime. The first note of the prime will be the basis of the transposition

retrograde

backward and upside down transposition from the last note of the prime.

Inversion, Retrograde inversion

Both ________________ and _______________________ use mathematical process in the transposition

Prime

There should be no repetition of notes in the twelve-tone series

Inversion

The first note of the prime is the basis of the ______________ process. Copy the first note of the prime; then proceed with the transposition. Analyze the mathematical intervals from the first note to the next, and apply the same interval in ______________ movement

Retrograde

Copy the last note of the prime

Retrograde inversion

From the last note of the prime, apply the steps in doing the inversion transposition. The row is both backward and upside down. This technique required the listener to remove all predetermined concepts of melodic and harmonic relationships.

Chromaticism

A reaction on the sounds produced by the extreme the use of __________________ is expected

retrograde inversion

The listener's familiarity with the musical styles of the previous periods might be affected when he/she listens to this technique

Arnold Schoenberg

His famous works are: Pierrot Lunaire, Die glückliche Hand (The Blessed Hand), Nachtwandler (Sleepwalker)

Igor Stravinsky

Russian composer, pianist, and conductor. He was born on June 17, 1882 in Oranienbaum, Russia. He grew up in a family of musicians. His father is a bass singer of the Imperial Opera

Igor Stravinsky

He studied law and philosophy at St. Petersburg University while also having his musical studies

Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov

At twenty, Igor Stravinsky showed some of his early music pieces to the well-known Russian composer ___________________________________. He was impressed by Stravinsky's skill in composition. He trained Stravinsky in orchestration and became his adviser to discuss and critic his styles in composition.

Igor Stravinsky

he composed The Rite of Spring (This piece is scored for a large orchestra)

Destructive modernist par excellence

The percussive use of dissonance, polyrhythms, and polytonality made him known as the ____________________

Igor Stravinsky

was commissioned to write a short piece if music for a ballet with elephants by the great ballet dancer-choreographer George Ballanchine in 1942

Igor Stravinsky

His famous works are: Oedipus Rex, Orpheus, Petrushka, Symphony of Psalms, The Firebird (L'oiseau de feu), The Soldier's Tale, The Wedding

True

True or False - New music techniques and styles were developed though the evolution and demands of computers and machines.

Electronic music

One of the most significant developments was the ______________________ which is a broad category of modern music. This music used digital instruments, electronic musical instruments, and circuitry-based music technology.

Synthesizer and computer

Sounds from electronic instrument were attained using devices such as the __________________________

Musique Concrete

In 1947, a group of music technicians in a Paris radio station, led by Pierre Schaeffer, started to experiment ___________________________

Musique Concrete

It is a music made up of natural sounds and sound effects that were recorded and altered by changing the speed of the records

Synthesizer

device for combining sound generators and sound modifiers in on package. It had an integrated control system

RCA electronic music instrument, Moog, and Theremin

were the synthesizers developed during the first stage

RCA (Radio Corporation of America)

electronic music was an analog programmable electronic music synthesizer, pioneered and created by the RCA Corporation in 1955. This can generate any imaginable sound or combined sounds

The Moog Synthesizer

another analog synthesizer, was pioneered and commercially released in the mid-1960s. Musicians used this instrument in their performances, who include Pink Floyd and The Beatles, both famous rock bands

Theremin

controlled without physical contact by the performer. Named after its Russian inventor, Leon Theremin, who patented this device in 1928

Theremin

This device was capable of editing movie soundtracks and popular music. It was unique as it played without being touched.

Higher

Its two antennas were controlling the pitch and the volume. The vertical antenna made the pitch ____________________

Softer

Its two antennas were controlling the pitch and the volume. The horizontal antenna made the pitch ________________

True

True or False - Playing the theremin in a precise melodic way required practiced skill and keen attention to pitch

Theremin

__________________ used by musicians: Lothar and the Hand People, Bonzo Doo Dah Dog Band, Led Zeppelin

___________________ used as movie soundtracks: Day the Earth Stood Still, It Came from Outer Space, Spellbound, The Lost Weekend

electronic computer

as a sound generator featured a graph representation of the shape of any sound wave.

Digital-analog converter

The graph were described by a series of numbers, which were translated by a device, known as a ________________________________, into a sound tape playable on a tape recorder

Computer sound generation

most flexible of all electronic instruments. It was envisioned by many users of electronic music that it will dominate the field in the coming years.

Mario Davidovsky

One of the prominent composers who used electronic computer