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Animal Science 101 UMASS Amherst STUDY
Genetics
The study of heredity
Heredity
The passing of traits from parent to offspring
How traits passed from parent to offspring
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Animal
Nucleus' contains what tissue?:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Neural
Nucleus contains what organ system?:
Integumentary
Skeletal
Nervous
Muscular
Cardiovascular
Lympathic/Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Endocrine
Reproductive
Phenotype
The physical appearance/characteristics of an individual
Chromosomes
Coiled mass of DNA and protein that carry genetic information
Autosomes (Human Chromosomes)
Chromosome pairs numbered 1 to 22, excluding the sex chromosomes. The 23rd pair of chromosomes are known as the "Sex Chromosomes"
Genetic Female: XX
Genetic Male: XY
Karyotype
A visual representation of the chromosomes of a species
Bird chromosomes
Sex chromosomes denoted as 'Z' or 'W'
Females determine the sex. sperm always carry a Z chromosome, while eggs may carry a Z (carries sex-linked genes) or a W (smaller chromosome).
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes that occur in pairs and carry the same genes
Locus
The specific location of a gene on a chromosome
Alleles
Different forms of a gene that affect the same trait
Homozygous (AA)
An individual with matching alleles at a locus
Heterozygous (Aa)
An individual with different alleles at a locus
Multiple Alleles
Genes with more than or equal to (≥) three alleles
One animal (alleles)
Only 2 alleles exist at each locus.
Population (alleles)
A group of individuals of the same species with many different alleles
Gene Expression
The process by which a gene is used to create a functional protein
Dominant allele
An allele that is expressed to the exclusion of the other
Capital letter, ex: BB
Recessive allele
An allele that is only expressed when the dominant allele is absent
Lowercase, ex: bb
Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a protein
Nucleotide
A building block of DNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
DNA
A double helix structure made up of two strands of nucleotides
Transcription
The process of copying a gene into messenger RNA (mRNA)
Translation
The process of reading mRNA to produce a protein
Ploidy
The number of copies of each chromosome in a cell
Diploid
2 copies of each chromosome in body cells (somatic cells)
Haploid
Having one copy of each chromosome in germ cells
Principles of Inheritance
Each parent produces reproductive cells called gametes.
In the formation of gametes, the parental alleles separate so that each gamete contains only half of the genetic code the parent possesses.
Inheritance
The method by which alleles are passed from one generation to the next
Gametes
Reproductive cells that contain half of the genetic code of the parent
Mitosis
replication of dying cells and replacement of them through a process of division. result in each daughter cell being exactly the same as the parent cell (full, diploid set of chromosomes)
Meiosis
Type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells, is genetically unique from the parent, and contains only half the number of chromosomes (DNA)
Meiosis
Cell division in gametes, resulting in half the number of chromosomes
Spermatogenesis
The production of sperm in the testes
Oogenesis
The production of eggs in the ovaries
Gene Effect
The influence of genes on the expression of a trait
Dominance
The relationship between alleles where one is expressed over the other
Codominance
The relationship between alleles where both are expressed in the phenotype
Incomplete dominance
The relationship between alleles where the heterozygote appears as an intermediate between the two alleles
Epistasis
The interaction of multiple gene pairs to influence gene expression
Male Reproductive System function
Produce hormones
Produce spermatozoa
Deliver spermatozoa to the female at the appropriate time
Reproduction
The process of producing offspring
Hypothalamus
The part of the brain that regulates reproductive ability through hormone secretion
GnRH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
The gland that secretes hormones to regulate reproductive ability
LH
Luteinizing hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
FSH
Follicle-stimulating hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
Testes
The male reproductive organs that produce sperm and hormones
Scrotum
The sac of skin that houses the testes
Cryptorchid
An undescended or retained testicle
Spermatic Cords
Tubular structures that extend from the inguinal ring to the testes
Penis
The male breeding organ
Testicular Descent
The process of the testes moving from inside the abdomen to the scrotum
Epididymis
The storage and maturation site for sperm
Ductus deferens
The duct that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
Urethra
The tube that carries urine and semen out of the body
Accessory Sex Glands
Glands that contribute secretions to semen
Female Reproductive System
The structure and function of the female reproductive system
Ovaries
The female reproductive organs that produce eggs and hormones
Oviducts
Tubes that transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
Uterus
The hollow muscular organ where the embryo implants and develops
Cervix
The smooth muscle sphincter between the uterus and vagina
Vagina
The muscular tube that connects the cervix to the vulva
Vulva
The external female genitalia
Oogenesis
The production of eggs in the ovaries
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
The hormonal regulation of the reproductive cycle
Ovulation
The release of a mature egg from the ovary
Corpus Luteum
The structure that forms from the collapsed follicle after ovulation
Estrous Cycle
The reproductive cycle of female mammals
Proestrus
The stage of the estrous cycle where follicles begin developing
Estrus
The stage of the estrous cycle where the female is sexually receptive
Metestrus
The stage of the estrous cycle after ovulation
Diestrus
The stage of the estrous cycle where the corpus luteum is at its maximum size
Anestrus
The stage of the estrous cycle where there is temporary ovarian inactivity
Breeding
Using genetics to improve a species or breed
Gene
Segment of DNA that codes for a unique protein
Nucleotide
Sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base
Mutation
Chemical change in a gene that alters DNA
Allele
Different forms of a gene
Myostatin gene
Gene responsible for muscle growth and fat deposition
Inheritance
Passing of traits from parents to offspring
Simple trait
Trait determined by a single gene
Polygenic trait
Trait determined by multiple genes
Sex-linked inheritance
Genes located on the sex chromosomes
Inbreeding
Mating of closely related individuals
Linebreeding
Inbreeding to concentrate genes of an ancestor
Outbreeding
Mating less closely related individuals
Crossbreeding
Mating animals from different breeds
Genome
Complete set of genes and associated DNA
Genomics
Study of gene function and relationships
Genome map
Known order of genes on a chromosome
Genome mapping
Locating and identifying genes on chromosomes
Marker-assisted selection
Using DNA markers to select individuals with desired traits
Genomic testing
Testing for specific DNA markers
Heritability
Measure of genetic influence on a trait
Breeding value
Value of an animal as a parent
EPD
Expected Progeny Difference
Sire summary
Summary of genetic values for bulls
Note 
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