Terminology and Basic Anatomy Exam (Sports Med Exam 2)

Anatomical Position

Standing straight upright, feet facing forward, arms at the side, palms of the hands facing forward

Anterior

Front of body

Posterior

Back side of body

Medial

Body part lying near the midline of the body

Lateral

Body part lying away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Point closest towards a joint/attachment

Distal

Point farthest away from a joint/attachment

Inferior

Body part below another body part

Superioir

Body part above another body part

Superficial

Toward or on the surface

Deep

Away from the surface/internal

Supine

To lie or be placed with the anterior surface facing up (lying on your back)

Prone

To lie or be placed with the anterior facing down (lying on your stomach)

Flexion

Joint that bends or moves forward- Decreasing angle between two bones

Extension

Joint that straightens or moves backwards- increasing angle between two bones

Abduction

Moving away from the midline of body

Adduction

Moving towards midline of body

Horizontal Abduction

Moving shoulder/arm away from body

Horizontal Adduction

Moving shoulder/arm across the body

Internal Rotation

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body

External Rotation

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body

Circumduction

Movement of a part in a circular direction- typically ball and socket joints

Pronation

Rotating forearm/hand until palm is facing down/away

Supination

Rotating forearm/hand until palm is facing up/forward

Inversion

Turning or pulling sole of foot inward- pulling toe inward towards midline

Eversion

Turning or pulling sole of foot outward- pulling toe away from midline

Plantarflexion

Extending ankle/pointing toes down

Dorsiflexion

Flexing ankle/pulling toes up

Muscle

Soft tissue structure that has contractible abilities- muscles contract to create movement

Tendon

Tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Ligament

Tissue that connect bone to bone- helps secure a joint

Bone

Hard tissue that gives our body structure- place for ligaments and tendons to attach

Joint

Point of where to bones join together

Synovial

Freely moveable joint

Cartilage

Fibrous type of material that serves as cushion, joint filler, etc

Bursa

Small, fluid-filled sac located in joints; acts a cushion and reduces friction between moving parts

Nerves

Bundle of fibers that sends messages between the body and the brain to create motor movement and sensory information

Myotomes

Groups of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve that can create movement

Dermatomes

Area of skin innervated by a single spine nerve, for transmitting sensory information like touch and pain to the brain

Acute Injury

Rapid onset resulting from a traumatic event

Chronic Injury

Slow onset, gradual development of structural damage

Hypertrophy

Increase in muscle or tissue size

Atrophy

Decrease in muscle or tissue size

Edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue/cavities (Swelling)

Ecchymosis

Discoloration due to blood accumulation under skin/tissue (Bruising)

Inflammation

Body’s protective response to injury (or infection)

Sprain

Stretching or tearing of ligaments

Strain

Stretching or tearing of tendon or muscle

Cramp

A painful continuous involuntary muscle contraction

Contusion

Bruise- when you have a blow to the soft tissue or bone of the body

Hematoma

Swelling composed of blood, internal bleeding associated with contusion; More severe compared to a bruise/contusion

Dislocation

Displacement of a joint

Subluxation

Temporary self-reducing dislocation

Fracture

Broken Bone

Laceration

Cut through the skin

Abrasion

Scraping off a layer of skin

“-itis”

Inflammation of something

Modality

Method of apparatus for therapy

Sports Injury Rehabilitation

Typically an exercise program to assist in recovery from sports injuries

Cryotherapy

Therapy treatment using application of cold

Thermotherapy

Therapy treatment using application of heat

HOPS

Process of injury assessment/evaluation: History, Observation, Palpation, Special Tests

HOPS: History

First part of the evaluation, gather subjective information about how and when injury occured

HOPS: Observation

Second part of the evaluation, use eyes and ears to evaluate

HOPS: Palpation

Examination by touch

HOPS: Special Tests

Last stage of your injury evaluation, includes ROM, stress tests, neurological, circulatory, and functional tests

2 components of Bone

Organic (makes bone resilient) and Inorganic (makes bone hard)

Features of bone

It’s a living tissue

Has a rich blood supply (vascular)

Constantly changing tissue

Rich in minerals (iron, calcium, etc)

Functions of Bone

Provide support for the body

Protects vital organs

Provides for/assists with movement

Produces blood cells

Storage area for minerals

How many bones in the body?

206

Axial skeleton

Bones around the axis/center of body

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones found in the extremities

Long Bones

Ex: Humerus, femur

Short Bones

Cube-like shape; Ex: carpal and tarsal bones

Irregular bones

Complex shapes; Ex: facial, vertebrae

Flat bones

Thin/flat; Ex: bones found in skull

Sesamoid bones

Embedded in tendons

Bone Age differences

Babies: Large head, long trunk, short arms and legs; no knee caps

Adults: Small head, short trunk, long arms and legs

Bone Sex differences

Males: Limbs longer, broad shoulders

Females: Shorter Limbs, narrow shoulders, wide hips

Pelvic differences in Males and Females

Male: Pelvic arch narrow, long conical cavity, narrow hips

Females: Wide pelvic arch, short cylindrical cavity, wide hips

The Skull

Comprised of flat or irregular bones; serve as the brain case- specific bones that encase the brain are known as the calvarium

Frontal Bone

One single bone, unpaired- sits front of skull

Parietal Bone

Paired on either side of the skull

Temporal Bones

Paired on either side of the skull (Ear canal), This area is known as the mastoid process

Occipital Bones

Unpaired, sits at the posterior aspect of the skull

Sphenoid bone

Paired on either side of the skull, sits anterior to the temporal bones, sinuses sit here

Suture Lines

Joint between all of the skull bones, grows together as we grow older

Fontanelles aka soft sports

The space between the bones of the skull in babies

Bones that create the face

Nasal bone, zygomatic bones, maxilla and mandible

Bones that create the skull

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid

Nasal bones

2 bones, create the bridge of the nose

Zygomatic bone

2 bones, create the cheek bones of the face

Jaw Bones: Maxilla and Mandible

Maxilla: Mustache bone

Mandible: Jaw bone

TMJ: Temporomandibular joint

The joint between the maxilla and mandible

Sternum

AKA the breastbone, divided in 3 sections (top to bottom): Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid Process

Ribs

24 total ribs, 12 pairs

Protects heart, lungs, other thoracic organs/tissues

Makes up the thoracic cavity

Classification of Ribs

True ribs- Upper 7 ribs, connect directly to the sternum

False ribs- Ribs 8-10, connect to other ribs via costal cartilage

Floating ribs- Ribs 11-12

Parts of the Vertebrae

Spine, Transverse process, vertebral foramen, centrum (body)

Vertebral column

Consists of 5 different regions:

Cervical (7 vertebraes), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (5), Coccygeal (3-5)

Cervical region

7 vertebrae

C-1: Atlas

c-2: Axis

The atlas rests upon the axis on the odontoid process

C-7: Vertebral prominens: most prominent of the cervical vertebrae