unit 13: animal kingdom & the phyla

do all animals develop/start out the same way?

yes

what is a blastula?

a zygote that has divided into 256 cells with a hollow inside; cells aren't specialized yet

-goes through mitosis

what is a gastrula?

a blastula with a pushed-in center

-ectoderm \= outside cells --\> skin nerves

-endoderm \= inside cells --\> gut lining

-opening \= blastopore --\> mouth

-mesoderm --\> muscles

-look at notes for picture of a gastrula

info about gastrula

(flip over)

-*1st*: mesoderm (solid)

-*1st*: msucles

-*ONLY*: acoelomate (*no* cavity in the mesoderm)

-*1st*: bilateral symmetry

-*1st*: cephalization (brain) --\> ganglia

what is radical symmetry?

cut into two equal halves infinitely through the *middle*

what is bilateral symmetry?

only one cut that can mirror images, not identical halves

-2 sides (right + left, top + bottom, back + front)

-ex. humans (higher animals)

what are the 6 directional terms?

1. Anterior (top of head)

2. Posterior (bottom opposite head)

3. Right Side

4. Left Side

5. Dorsal (back)

6. Ventral (front)

where do ectoderms transport to in a sponge?

epidermis

where do endoderms transport to in a sponge?

choanocytes/collar cells

does food go through the osculum in a sponge?

no; food is absorbed through the pores

-H2O + O2 is also absorbed through the pores

what goes out of the osculum in a sponge?

H2O, wastes, sperm, zygotes

info about sponges

(flip over)

-live in the ocean

-radial symmetry

-*no* mouth, brain, nerves

-cannot move by themselves

-has skeletal material; spongin (softer) or spicules (harder)

-collar cell's flagella push water up and out osculum

-extra food from collar cells --\> amoebocytes --\> ectoderm

-no reproductive organs

-reproduces asexually

-reproduces sexually

-sexual reproduction: goo swells & makes egg, sperm goes through the pores

what are some examples of cnidaria?

jellyfish, sea anemones, sea wasp, corals, hydra

what is the gastodermis?

gut lining

info about phylum cnidaria/coelenterata

(flip over)

-has radial symmetry

-in the marine, *mostly* saltwater

-*no* brain, nerves, reproducing

-*first* to move, *first* to have a mouth, *first* to have nerves

-have nematocysts in tentacles to shoot venom

-reproduce asexually (budding, usually POLYPS) and sexually (usually MEDUSA)

-medusa moves by *jet propulsion*

-men + woman reproductive organs \= *hermaphrodite*

which phylum cnidaria are polyps?

coral, hydra, anemones, sea fans

-polyps can turn to little growth then turn cancerous

which phylum cnidaria are medusae?

jellies

what is phylum platyhelminthes?

flatworms

what belongs in the phylum platyhelminthes?

planaria (fresh/salt water, soil), tapeworms (parasitic), flukes (parasitic)

what is in the digestive system of a phylum platyhelminthes?

-intestines; go all the way to their head + tail

-pharynx

-mouth (ventral

-flame cells/skin

what is in the nervous system of a phylum platyhelminthes?

-auricles (smell)

-nerves

-2 ganglia

-2 eyespots (sense light/dark)

can hermaphrodites reproduce sexually & asexually?

yes; has men and women reproductive organs

-reproduces *asexually* through regeneration

-has ovaries + testes (makes sperm)

what are tapeworms?

digestive parasites that live in body's intestines

more about tapeworms

(flip over)

-hooks + suckers are used for attaching to intestines (adaptation)

-proglottides multiply

-as long as there is a scolex head, tapeworm will live

more info about phylum platyhelminthes

(flip over)

-specific adaptations

-have complex life styles

-live in blood, intestines

what are flukes?

parasite

-looks like gum smear marks on cement

what is phylum rotifera?

rotifers

more about phylum rotifera

(flip over)

-mesoderm --\> muscles

-endoderm --\> gut lining

-ectoderm --\> epidermis --\> nerves

-blank space in drawing (look in notes); cavity w/ H2O

-*Pseudocoelomates* \= "fake cavity"

-nothing but water in the cavity

-has a complete digestive system (mouth + anus)

-have separate genders

-girls are larger due to egg being bigger

what is phylum nematoda?

roundworms (rounded + plumped_

what are some examples of phylum nematoda?

heartworm (dogs), hook worms (humans), ascaris, pinworm

life cycle of ascaris

(flip over)

mouth --\> esophagus --\> stomach --\> intestine --\> larvae (worm) --\> goes into blood stream ("touring" the body) --\> diffuses through blood vessels --\> lungs --\> climbs up to trachea --\> esophagus --\> stomach --\> intestines

-waste upon the eggs

(example of a complex life style)

what were similar development changes in phylum annelids?

*1st* eucoelomate animal

*new* TRUE cavity (organs)

ex. heart, gills, full circulatory system