social psychology and personality

Conformity

Process when individuals adjust their thoughts, feelings, or behavior to align with those of a group

Normative social influence

The influence to conform the positive expectations of others, driven by desire to be liked by a group

Social norms

Unwritten rules that dictate acceptable behavior within a society or group

Relative Deprivation

Feelings dissatisfaction or injustice when comparing themselves to others

Upward social comparison

Comparing yourself to someone’s who’s better than you, can decrease self esteem

Downward social comparison

Comparing yourself to someone who’s worse than you, can boost self esteem

Informational social influence

Influence to accept info from others as evidence of reality,

Obedience

The act of following direct demands, usually from an authority figure

Social facilitation

Preforming better when in the pressure of others

Group polarization

When talking in a group about an idea, the group agrees more strongly with each other, making the opinion more extreme

Groupthink

Desire of harmony or conformity in a group overcomes the need for critical thinking

Bystander effect

Individuals are less likely to help someone in the presence of others

Diffusion of responsibility

Others feeling less responsible for taking action or helping in a situation

Social loafing

Exerting less effort when working in a group project rather than working alone

Deindividuation

Psychological state where individuals lose their self awareness and sense of individuality in a group setting, leads to impulsive behavior

Attribution theory

Explains how we explain behavior and if it’s caused by personality or their situation

Dispositional attrubution

Assuming persons actions are due to their personality, not their situation

Situational attribution

Assuming a persons actions are due to their circumstances not their personality

Explanatory style

How the person usually explains the reasons behind events, whether they blame themselves or outside factors

Optimistic explanatory style

Explaining good things as likely to happen again, and bad as one time events

Habit of explaining bad things as likely to happen again and good things as one time events

Fundamental attribution error

Tendency to blame someone’s actions more on their personality than their situation

Actor observer bias

Habit of blaming our own actions on the situation, but blaming others on their personality

Self serving bias

Tendency to attribute one’s success to personal characteristics and failures to external factors

Internal locus of control

Belief that one’s own actions and decisions directly influence the outcomes and events in their life

External locus of control

Belief that outcomes and events are determined by external forces or fate, rather than one’s own actions

Altruism

Selfless concern for the well being of others, leading to behavior that benefits others at a personal cost

Social responsibility norm

Expectation that people should help others who need assistance, without regard to future exchanges

Stereotype

Generalized belief about a particular category of people

Conformation bias

Tendency to recall info in a way that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses

Belief preserverance

Tendency to hold onto one’s initial beliefs even after they have been shown to be false, often ignoring contradictory evidence present

Self fulfilling prophecy

When a belief about a situation or person leads to actions that make the belief come true

Prejustice

Usuallly negative attitude towards a group and its members

Discrimination

Negative behavior towards a group or its members

Implicit attitudes

Unconscious beliefs or feelings that influence a persons behavior without their awareness

Racial bias, gender stereotypes

Just world phenomenon

Belief that the world is fundamentally fair, leading people to rationalize injustice or misfortune as deserved

Our group homogeneity bias

Tendency to see members of an out group as more similar then they really are

In group bias

Tendency to favour and extend loyalty in members of your own group over others

Mere exposure effect

Repeated exposure to a stimulus increases that persons preference for that stimulus

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture often accompanied by a feeling of contempt for other groups

Collectivism

Cultural value that emphasizes importance of a group or community over individual goals and desires

Multiculturalism

View that promotes acknowledgment and respect of diverse cultural backgrounds and traditions, encouraging and valuing various cultural identities within a society

Superordinate goals

Shared goals that require lots of cooperation among individuals, examines smaller conflicts within

Social traps

A situation which pursue immediate rewards that later prove to have negative consequences, fishing industry

Central route of persuasion

Envolves deeply engaging the content of a message, uses real facts

Peripheral route of persuasion

Involves using superficial cues, appeal, and catch phrases to persuade

Halo effect

People are seen with an overall positive impression because of their looks

Foot in the door technique

Slowing increasing an ask overtime

Door in the face technique

Asking for a lot at first, knowing it will be declined, then gradually going down

False consensus effect

People overestimate how much others agree with their own beliefs, attitudes, or behaviours

Cognitive dissonance

When you say something, then do the opposite of that. An uncomfortable and guilty feeling

IO psychologists

Psychologists who apply concepts and research methods to workplace to improve productivity and select promote employees