Anatomy modterm quizlet C1, Ch7

Anatomy

The study of the parts of the body and their location (what and where)

Microanatomy

The portion of anatomy that deals with the study of small structures that can't be seen with the eye

Gross Anatomy

The portion of anatomy that deals with the study of large structures that can be seen with the eye

Define Anatomy

to cut up

Physiology

the science of how the body functions

water, pressure, nutrients, oxygen, and heat

What are the five requirements of life

8 levels of organization in the body

molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

10 characteristics of life

movement, response, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion

What are vital signs

indications to know that a person is alive

120/80 mmHg

normal blood pressure

98.6 degrees F

normal body temperature

80 bpm

normal pulse rate

12-20 bpm

normal respiration rate

Define homeostasis

maintaining a constant internal balance despite a changing outside environment

Receptor

provides info about specific conditions in the environment

control center

receives info from the receptor, compares to set point, determines decision and send a message to the effector

Effector

enacts to the response of the control center

Negative feedback

when the variable moves away, returns to normal, and often repeats

negative feedback examples

body temp, blood sugar

What is positive feedback?

when the variable moves farther and farther away from normal until it turns off completely

positive feedback examples

Labor or blood clotting

disease

homeostatic imbalance

symptoms

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient

Signs

changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

axial skeleton

The part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk

appendicular skeleton

bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

What two cavities are in the dorsal body cavity?

cranial (protects the brain) and vertebral (protects spinal cord)

What does the ventral body cavity hold/protect?

thoracic and abdominal organs

What two cavities are inside of the ventral body cavity?

thoracic and abdominopelvic

What two divisions does the thoracic cavity have?

pleural (contains the lungs and is lateral) and mediastinum (contain the pericardial cavity around the heart and is medial)

What two divisions does the abdominopelvic cavity have?

abdominal (stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, etc.) and pelvic (bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

Diaphragm

a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.

visceral membrane

membrane covering an organ

parietal membrane

Membrane that lines the walls of body cavities

pleura refers to

lungs

pericardium refers to

heart

peritoneum refers to

abdominal organs

Parts and functions of the integumentary system?

Parts: skin, hair, nails

-protect underlying tissue

-regulate body temp.

-contains sensory receptors

Parts and functions of the skeletal system?

Parts: bones, ligaments, cartilages

-support and protect

-allow for movement by acting as levers for muscles

-produce blood cells

Parts and functions of the muscular system

muscles

-produce forces to move body parts

-maintain posture

-main source of body heat

parts and functions of the nervous system

-brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

-conduct nerve impulses

-sense and respond changes in the environment

-all sensory organs

parts and functions of the endocrine system

all glands that secrete hormones (slow)

-EX: pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, adrenal, thyroid, testes, ovaries

parts and functions of the cardiovascular system

-heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood

-transportation of gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes

-moves everything

parts and functions of the lymphatic system

-lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

-defend body against infection

-carries tissue fluid back into the bloodstream

parts and functions of the digestive system

-break down food molecules into simpler forms --\> absorbed in intestines --\> blood --\> tissues

-unabsorbed food excreted as feces

-excess absorbed food stored as fat

-mouth, esophagus, glands, stomach, intestines, etc.

parts and functions of respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

-moves air in and out

-exchanges:

*O2 from air --\> blood

*CO2 from blood ---\> air

parts and functions of urinary system

-kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

-kidneys remove wastes from blood

-maintain water ad salt balances

-produce urine

parts and functions of reproductive system

Male:

-Produce and transport sperm

Female:

-Produce and maintain eggs

-Supports development and delivery of fetus

anatomical position?

the standard frame of reference in anatomy

-face forward, feet slightly apart, palms forward

superior

toward the head, upper, or above (not arms or legs)

toward the feet, under or below (not arms or legs)

anterior

toward the front or in the front

Posterior

toward the back or in the back

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

toward the outer side of the body or away from the midline

intermediate

between a more medial and lateral structure

proximal

toward the trunk of the body or the point of origin of a body part (only limbs)

distal

away from the trunk of the body or the point of origin of a body part (only limbs)

superficial

towards the surface of the body

deep

away from the body surface, more internalThere are ___________ types of bones

The _____________ __________ is the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone

medullary cavity

a thin layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis is the

articular cartilage

Blood cell formation is a vital process carried on in

red bone marrow

The _________________ is a strong fibrous membrane that covers a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces

periosteum

bones may be classified by shape. those shapes include

long, short, flat, irregular

Bones serve as a safety-deposit box for ______, a vital substance required for normal nerve and muscle function.

Calcium

As muscles contract and shorten, they pull on bones and thereby ____ them.

Move

Compact

dense bone tissue