Chem 30 A Final

What is chemistry?

Chemistry is the study of matter and its composition, structure, properties, reactions

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and occupies space

What are chemicals?

Substances that always have the same composition and properties, also called substances

What is Kilo?

1000m

What is milligram

0\.001 gram

1km

1000m

1 m

1000mm

1 cm

10mm

1 L

1000mL

1 dL

100 mL

1 mL

1 cm^3

1 kg

1000g

What is density?

Compares the mass of an object to it’s volume

What is the formula for Density

Mass/Volume

1 mL=

1 cm^3

What is matter?

Everything that has mass and volume

What are homogenous Mixtures

Two mixtures that are the same and mix

What are heterogenous Mixtures?

Two different mixtures that are different and don’t mix

What are the 3 physical states

Gas, liquid, solid

What are physical properties?

Properties that we can we can observe and measure without disrupting or changing it’s composition

Physical Change

Change of physical state, change of shape, change of color without changing composition

What is pure substance?

Has a fixed or constant composition

What are elements?

Pure substances that contain atoms of only one type

What is mixture?

Matter that consists of two or more substances that are physically mixed

What is the characteristic of a solid?

Has a definite shape, a definite volume, particles are close together, fixed position

What are the characteristics of liquid?

Have definite volume but not definite shape, same shape as container, particles are close together but do not move,

What are characteristics of gasses?

Do not have definite shape, do not have definite volume, takes same shape and volume as container, particles are far apart

What is potential energy

Stored energy, energy used for use at later time

What is kinetic energy?

Used energy, energy of matter in motion

I cal

4\.184 J

1 kj

1000 J

1 kilocalorie

1000 calories

Formula from Celsius to kelvin

Tk=Tc+32

Formula for Kelvin to Celsius

Tc=Tk-273

Formula from Celsius to Farenheit

Tf=1.8(Tc+32)

Formula for Farenheit to Celsius

Tc=Tf-32/1.8

What is specific heat?

The amount of heat that raises the temperature of a substance

Specific Heat equation

Heat/masschangedelta

Heat Equation

massxdeltaxspecificheat

What is an element?

One of the substances of the pure susbtance

Atom

Smallest unit that represents elements and still have characteristics of element

What charge do protons carry?

Protons carry positive charge

What charge do neutrons carry?

Neutrons carry neutral or no charge

What charge do electrons carry?

Electrons carry negative charge

What is an catanion?

When a neutral atom looses or more electrons, it becomes a cation and positively charged

What is an anion?

When a neutral atoms gains one or more electrons

How many orbitals can s hold?

1

How many orbitals can p hold?

3 orbitals

How many orbitals can f hold?

5 orbitals

How many orbitals can f hold?

7 orbitals

Atomic Size

Described using the atomic radius

Atomic Radius

Decreases from left to right and increases from top to bottom

Ionization energy

Increases from left to right and from bottom to top

Electronegativity

Increases from left to right and decreases from top to bottom

Chemical Bond

A force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound

Chemical formulas

Indicate the elements present in the compound and the relative number of each atom

Covalent compound

Metal with nonmetal

Ionic Compound

Nonmetal+nonmetal

What are the diatomic molecules

H2, N2, O2, F2,Cl2,Br2,I2- Think of it as an upside L

Covelant Bonds-

Combination of two nonmentals

Polarity of covelant bonds

Between the two atoms that make the bond

Electronegativity and bond polarity

Electronegativity increases from left to right and decreases from top to bottom

Polarity Bond type from 0-0.4

Nonpolar

0\.4-1.8

Polar

1\.8-

Ionic

What is the molecular polarity of a lewis dot structure that is equally distributed

Nonpolar

If molecular geometry is not equal what is the polarity?

Polar

How does a molecular shape become bent

If there is lone pairs on central atom

Which element can’t be central atom on molecular geometry?

H or hydrogen

Mass number

Total number in protons and neutrons in a nucleus

Acid

Substance that produce H+ ions in water and covelant bonds

Base

Substance that produces OH- ions

What are characteristics of Acid?

Sour taste, turns blue limits paper red

Ion ending in ide change to

\-ic

How do you name ionic compounds

Change the ending to -ide

Which are the exceptions for transitional metals

Zn+2 and Ag+1

When do you use roman numerals in a formula

If has transitional metal. This is due to having multiple charges.

What is ionic compound

Balances of charges

How do you name ionic compounds

Change the ending to -Ide

How do you write the formula for ionic compound

Find the charge of each element and cross multiply

How do you write formulas for compounds

Have to use roman numerals. This is due to transitional metals have multiple charges. Thus, having to specify it.

What are the two transitional metals with fixed charges?

Zn+2, Ag+1

When do you have to use roman numerals?

If element has more than one possible charge then use roman numerals to tell which charge

How do you write polyatomic ions?

The ending tells you how to name

Which charge is not negatively charged

Ammonium

Which are the diatomic ions

H2,N2,O2,F2,Cl2,Br2,I2- Think of an L

How do you name acids?

Start with H in front

Ide changes to what?

Hydro_ic acid

\-ate changes to what?

Ic acid

Ite changes to what?

Ous acid

What does a base end with?

OH

What is a strong acid?

Completely ionizes or disolves in H20

Which are the strong acids?

Hcl, HBr, Hno3, H, Hclo4, H2so4

What are weak bases

Partially ionize/ disolve in H20

How do you convert grams to moles and moles to grams?

Molar Mass

How do you convert moles to atoms and atoms to moles?

6\.02x10^23

How do you convert from one element to another element?

Have to use mole ratio

What is oxidation?

Loss of electrons, becomes more positive, and reducing agent

What is a reducing agent?

Gain of electron, becomes more negative, oxidation agent

What is solutions

Solid disolved in water