APHUG Unit 7

acid deposition

sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, that enter the atmosphere--where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid--and return to Earth's surface

acid precipitation

conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog

air pollution

concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

the amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution

break-of-bulk point

a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

a gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers

ferrous

metal, including iron, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel

Greenhouse effect

The anticipated increase in Earth's temperature caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface

Labor-intensive industry

an industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses

Maquiladora

an EPZ--a factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico

Nonferrous

metals utilized to make products other than iron and steel

Nonpoint-source pollution

pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area

Outsourcing

a decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers

Ozone

A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above Earth's surface

Photochemical smog

an atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions

Point-source pollution

pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source

Right-to-work law

a U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment

Sanitary landfill

a place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin

Site factors

location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital

Situation factors

location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory

textile

a fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing

vertical integration

an approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process

active solar energy systems

solar energy systems that collects energy that collect energy through the use of mechanical devices such as photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors

biomass fuel

fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste

developed country (more developed country [MDC] or relatively developed country)

a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development

developing country (less developed country [LDC])

a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development; those countries, including Africa, except for South Africa, and parts of South America and Asia, that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per-capita incomes, and generally low standards of living

development

a process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

fair trade

an alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards

fission

the splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy

foreign direct investment (FDI)

investment made by foreign company in the economy of another country

fossil fuel

an energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago

fracking (hydraulic fracturing)

the pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural gas

fusion

creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium

geothermal energy

energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks

housing bubble

a rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value

literacy rate

the percentage of a country's people who can read and write

maternal mortality ratio

the number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births

passive solar energy systems

solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices

photovoltaic cell

a solar energy cell, usually made from silicon, that collects solar rays to generate electricity

potential reserve

the amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist

productivity

the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it

proven reserve

the amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits

purchasing power parity (PPP)

the amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country; \__________ adjusts income figures to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods

radioactive waste

materials from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people; therefore, the materials must be safely stored for thousands of years

structural adjustment program

economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services

supply

the quantity of something that producers have available for sale

uneven development

development of core regions at the expense of those on the periphery

value added

the gross value of a product minus the cost of raw materials and energy

brick-and-mortar business

traditional businesses with actual stores in which trade or retail occurs; it does not exist solely in the Internet

conglomerate corporation

a firm that is comprised of many smaller firms that serve several different functions

core

national or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated.

deglomeration

the dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration

deindustrialization

loss of industrial activity in a region

economic backwaters

regions that fail to gain from national economic development

export-processing zone

areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries

fast world

areas of the world, usually the economic core, that experience greater levels of connection due to high-speed telecommunications and transportation technologies

manufacturing region

a region in which manufacturing activities have clustered together. The major US industrial region has historically been in the Great Lakes, which includes the states of Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania. Industrial regions also exist in southeastern Brazil, central England, around Tokyo, Japan, and elsewhere

net national product

a measure of all goods and services produced by a country in a year, including production from its investments abroad, MINUS the loss or degradation of natural resource capital as a result of productivity.

offshore financial center

country or territory whose financial sector features very few regulations and few, if any, taxes

EX: tropical island nations like the Bahamas, Cayman Islands, etc.

periphery

countries that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per-capita incomes, and generally low standards of living. The world economic \__________ includes Africa (except for South Africa), parts of South America, and Asia

regionalization

the process by which specific regions acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country. In economic geography, \__________________________ involves the development of dominant economic activities in particular regions.

semiperiphery

those newly industrialized countries with median standards of living, such as Chile, Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia. \___________ countries offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between rich and poor.

service-based economies

highly developed economies that focus on research and development, marketing, tourism, sales, and telecommunications

spatially fixed costs

an input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located

spatially variable costs

an input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its total amount and in its relative share of total costs

specialty goods

goods that are not mass-produced but rather assembled individually or in small quantities

transnational corporations

a firm that conducts business in at least two separate countries; also known as multinational corporations

Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)

The UN's creation of eight goals for economic development and social progress in 2000. Members agreed to reach the goals by 2015.

1. Eliminate extreme poverty

2. Guarantee universal education

3. Promote equality for women

4. Reduce child mortality rates

5. Better maternal health services and reduction of maternal mortality rate

6. Reduce spread snd improve treatment for HIV/AIDS and other diseases

7. Environmentally sustainable development

8. Global development partnerships among member nations

World Systems Theory (Wallerstein)

Core regions make decisions for the world, semi-periphery make decisions for themselves and the areas around them, periphery areas are dominated by core and semi-periphery, have little influence

Human Development Index (HDI)

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)

Modification of the HDI to account for inequality within a country

Brandt Line

divides the more developed north from the less developed south

standard of living

Quality of life based on ownership of necessities and luxuries that make life easier.

Four Asian Dragons (Tigers)

Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan & Singapore. Their economies began to boom in the 1960's as they followed the export-oriented industrialization economic model.

Arabian Peninsula states

Petroleum-rich

Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and United Arab Emirates (UAE)

Rostow's Stages of Development

A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries.

1. Traditional Society

2. Preconditions for Takeoff

3. Takeoff

4. Drive to maturity

5. Age of Mass Consumption

Traditional Society

the first stage of Rostow's economic development; this stage can last for thousands of years unless there is an impetus for growth in the mercantile and manufacturing areas and a change in the institutions necessary to make the transition to a more modern capitalist society.

Preconditions for takeoff

the second stage of Rostow when an elite group starts economic activity; educated leaders start to take charge of the economy

Takeoff stage

The third stage of Rostow: rapid growth

- societies moving away from traditional norms, practices, and institutions and are embracing economic development with a sense of purpose and growing practices of savings and investment

Drive to maturity

Fourth stage of Rostow's development: technology diffuses, industrial specialization occurs, international trade expands, population growth slows

Age of Mass Consumption

Fifth stage of Rostow's Development: Economy shifts from production of heavy industry to consumer goods