HOSA nutrition

Absorption

Taking up of nutrients in the intestines

Adipose tissue

Fatty tissue

Aerobic metabolism

Combining nutrient oxygen within the cell; also called oxidation.

Albumin

Protein that occurs in blood plasma

Alkalosis

Condition in which excess base accumulates in, or acids are lost from, the body.

Amino acids

Nitrogen containing chemical compounds of which protein is composed

Amphetamines

Drugs intended to inhibit appetite

Anemia

Condition caused by insufficient number of red blood cells, hemoglobin or blood volume.

Angina pectoris

Pain in the heart muscle due to inadequate blood supply.

arteriosclerosis

Generic term for thickened arteries

Arthritis

Chronic disease involving the joints

ascites

Abnormal collection of fluid in the abdomen.

aspartame

Artificial sweetener made from two amino acid; does not require insulin for metabolism

aspirated

Inhaled or suctioned

Atherosclerosis

a form of arteriolosclerosis affecting the intima (inner lining) of the artery walls

avitaminosis

Without vitamins

Beriberi

Deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin b1 thiamine. Legs feel heavy feet burn and muscles degenerate.

Basal metabolism rate BMR

The rate at which energy is needed for body maintenance.

bile

Secretion of the liver, stored in the gallbladder, essential for the digestion of fat.

Bioavailable

The ability of a nutrient to be readily absorbed and used by the body

biotin

a B vitamin, necessary for metabolism

Bolus

Food in the mouth that is ready to be swallowed

Botulism

Deadliest of food poisoning; cost by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum

bran

outer covering of grain kernels. Contains minerals B vitamins cellulose and protein

Buffer systems

Protective systems regulating amounts of hydrogen ions in body fluids

Cachexia

Severe malnutrition and body wasting caused by chronic disease

caliper

Mechanical device used to measure percentage of body fat by skinfold measurement

calorie

Represents the amount of heat needed to raise temperature of 1 kg of water 1°C

Carboxypeptidase

pancreatic enzyme necessary for protein digestion

nutrients (6)

Chemical substances that are found in food and necessary for good health. Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water.

Essential nutrient

Nutrients found only in food

Carbohydrates

About 50% of diet. Provides energy. Protein sparing action. Normal fat metabolism. Three types.

Monosaccharides

Simplest form of carbohydrates. No digestion required. Can be easily absorbed directly into the blood stream from the small intestine they include glucose fructose and galactose

Disaccharides

Double sugars. Hydrolysis to monosaccharides. Examples are sucrose maltose and lactose

Lactose intolerance

Inability to digest lactose because if you lack of the enzyme lactase; causes abdominal cramps and diarrhea

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates containing combinations of monosaccharides. Examples include starch dextrin cellulose and glycogen

Glycogen

Glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles. Approximately 1/2 day supply of energy is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles

Fiber

Indigestible parts of plants; absorbs water in large intestine, helping to create soft stool.

Cellulose

Primary sources of dietary fiber

Endosperm

The inner part of the kernel of grain; contains a carbohydrate. Contain starch protein and some B vitamins

germ

Smallest part of the grain and is a rich source of B vitamins vitamin E minerals and proteins

Lipids and fat

Formed from glycerol Provides energy. 9 calories

hypercholesterolemia

Unusually high levels of cholesterol and blood; also known as high serum cholesterol. Common in clients with atherosclerosis.

plaque

Fatty deposit on interior of artery walls. When plaque blocks the heart a heart attack occurs. When it blocks the brain a stroke occurs.

function of stomach

temporary storage of food. mixing of food with gastric juices. regulation of a slow, controlled emptying of food into the intestine. sexretion of the factor for B12. destruction of most bacteria.

sphincter malfunction

causes acid reflux disease.

chyme

food mass as it has been mixed with gastric juices

gastric juices

digestive secretions in stomach. contain HCl, pepsin, mucus. HCl activates pepsin to digest protein. children have two additinal enzymes rennin-milk protein, and gastric lipase-butterfat

salivary amylase

component of saliva that starts the digestion of starch in the mouth

duodenum

Chyme moves through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum the first section of the small intestine.

secretin

hormone that is released when food reaches the small intestine that causes the pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate to neutralize chyme

cholecytokinin (cck)

triggers gallbladder to release bile for the digestion of fat

pancreatic proteases

the enzyme secreted by the pancreas that digests proteins

pancreatic amylase

converts starches to simple sugars

pancreatic lipase

reduces fats to fatty acids and glycerol

small intestine in digestion

most nutrients absorbed. breaks down lactose maltose and sucrose.

peptidases

break proteins down into amino acids

colon

large intestine. funtion: absorb water and salts from undigested food. makes volatile acids.

volatile fatty acids

acetate, propionate, butyrate. absorbed from large intestine and used as energy.

vitamins

organic compounds that enable the body to use energy provided by fats carbs and proteins. can not cure.

fat soluble vitamin deficency

occur in those with chronic malabsorbtion disease such as cystic fibrosis, celiac, and chrons disease.

fat soluble. vitamins

A D E K. not lost easily in cooking but lost with mineral oil. after absprbtion they are transported through the body by lipoproteins. megadoses more common because they are stored

water soluble vitamins

B and c. easily destroyed easily by air light and cooking

Vitamin A

An antioxidant plays an important role in vision, bone growth, reproduction, cell division, antioxidant, regulates immune system.

retinol

The active form of vitamin A. Preformed vitamin A

carotenoids

Provitamin A. Think carrots and other orange and green fruits. May reduce the risk of cancer

xeropthalmia

blindness caused by mucous membranes of eye Sign of a deficiency of vitamin K.

Vitamin D

Prohormone Of calcium and phosphorus. Heat-stable and not easily oxidized.

rickets

Deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin D; causes malformed bones and pain in infants

Deficiency of vitamin D

May lead to osteomalacia which then can evolve into osteoporosis

Vitamin E

antioxidant. Essential for protection of cell structure, especially of red blood cells

hemolysis

destruction of red blood cells due to lack of vitamin E

vitamin K

essential in blood clotting. deficiency leads to hemorrhaging.

thiamine

Metabolism of carbohydrates and some amino acids. Also essential to nerve and muscle action. Absorbed in the small intestine.

riboflavin B2

essential for carbohydrate fat and protein metabolism. Necessary for tissue maintenance. And healthy eyes

niacin

Serves as a Coenzyme in energy metabolism and consequently essential to every body cell.

pellagra

Disease to choose deficiency of niacin. Characterized by sores on the skin by diarrhea, anxiety, confusion, irritability, poor memory, dizziness, and untimely death if left untreated.

vitamin b6

Essential for protein metabolism and absorption, aids in the release of glucose from glycogen, amino acids present in excessive amounts can be converted to those in which the body is temporarily deficient

cobalamin vitamin b12

Contains cobalt. Involved in folate metabolism, maintenance of the myelin sheath, and healthy red blood cells.

meyelin

Lipoprotein essential for the protection of nerves.

intrinsic factor

Secretion of stomach mucosa essential for B12 absorption

pernicious anemia

Severe, chronic anemia cost by deficiency of vitamin B 12; UC due to the bodies inability to absorb B12 may mostly due to gastric secretions interested with a special receptor cells because of disease or surgery

campylobacter jejuni

transmitted through unpasturized milk, contaminated water, raw meat, shellfish. Caused by indigestion of bacteria. Symptoms diarrhea fever headache abdominal pain and nausea

clostridium botulinum

Improperly canned foods. Symptoms double vision speech difficulties inabiluty to swallow,respiratory problems. spores. deadliest

clostridium perfringens

"cafeteria germ". outbreaks occur with large quantities of food. spore forming pathogen. symptoms: inflammation of stomach anf intestie

cyclospora

feces contaminated food. parasite that causes gastroebteritis. watery diarrhea, cramps, fever.

E. coli

bacteria found in intestines of animals transmitted through contaminated water milk juice meats produce.

listeria monocytogenes

bacteria found in intestines. grows in fridge. normal bad symptoms.

salmonellosis

bacteria from raw meats and eggs. symptoms: headache, vomitting diarrea. abdominal cramps and fever. begin 6-48hrs. causes salmonella.

shingella

causes shungellosis. symptoms occur from 1 day to a week after infection. degydration.

straphylococcus aureas

bacteria found on human skin and open wounds. causes staph. symptoms begin 30min to 8hrs abd last 24-48 hrs.

trichinosis

parasitic roundworm from uncooked pork.

dysentary

disease from protozoa. severe diarrhea

canning temperature

212 to 250

cooking T

140 to 212

danger zone for food contamination

40 to140

meat eggs cooking T

about 160

monosaccharides

glucose fructose galsctose

disaccharides

sucrose maltose lactose.

sucrose

glucose and fructose. sugar.