exercise testing lab practical

ACSM screening emphasize

risk classification based on:

CVD risk factors, signs/symptoms CVD, metabolic and pulmonary disease, any known diseases

what is ACSM screening used for

identify those who need medical clearance, those with clinical significant diseases, and medical conditions who should be restricted

what does screening collect

current PA levels, signs and symptoms, those diagnosed, desired exercise intensity

Major signs and symptoms of CVD, metabolic and renal disease

pain/discomfort in chest, neck, jaw, arms

shortness of breath

dizziness

orthopnea

ankle edema

tachycardia

intermittent claudication

heart murmur

ACSM category 1

no PA, no disease or symptoms, no medical clearance. light to moderate and progress

ACSM category 2

no PA, yes presence of disease, asymtomatic, need medical clearance. light to moderate and gradually progress intensities

ACSM category 3

no PA, yes disease and symptomatic. need clearance. light to mod and gradually progress

ACSM category 4

yes PA, no presence or symptoms, no clearance needed. moderate to vigorous or continue current

ACSM category 5

yes PA, yes presence, no symptoms. no clearance unless intensity is desired to increase to vigorous. moderate intensity

ACSM category 6

yes PA, no presence. symptoms suggest disease. discontinue current program and get clearance. return to program and gradually progress intensities as tolerated

heart rate palpation sites

radial and carotid

HR procedures

use index and middle fingers

locate pulse and count for 10 s (beats x *6), or 15 s (beats* x 4), or 30 s (beats x 2)

blood pressure

places on brachial artery

increase to 140 mm Hg and slowly release

record 2 sounds, 1st and last

take twice with 1 min between

blood pressure errors

improper cuff size, auitory acuity, rate of inflation or deflation, experience, faulty equipment, etc.

resting BP

prehypertension

120-139 SBP or 80-89 DBP

stage 1 hypertension

140-159 SBP or 90-99 DBP

guidelines for cardiorespiratory fitness

provide pretest at least 24 hours

review forms

have data sheets ready

calibrate equipment

room thermoneutral and quiet/private

equip room

relaxed and confident

Cardiorespiratory test technique

measurements measured prior, during, and after

CRF prior testing

HR and BP measured in testing position

CRF during testing

HR, BP, RPE, and ECG measured in intervals

signs/symptoms of CVD or pulmonary monitored

ECG during CRF test

monitored continuously. record during last 5-10s of each stage or every 2 mins also immediately after, 60s of recovery, and every 2 mins

HR during CRF test

monitored continuously. record during last 5-10s of each min (during and post)

BP during CRF test

measure and record during last 30-60s of each stage or every 2 min. record immediately after, 60s recovery, and every 2 mins

Cardioresp. test termination

subject reaches volitional fatigue, has symptoms, reach an predetermined endpoint

bruce protocol

most widely used

aerobic requirements and large increase between stages make less optimal for people with low functional capactiy

bruce stage 1

1\.7 mph and 10%

bruce stage 2

2\.5 mph and 12%

bruce stage 3

3\.4 mph and 14%

bruce stage 4

4\.2 mph and 16%

bruce stage 5

5\.0 mph and 18%

bruce stage 6

5\.5 mph and 20%

bruce stage 7

6\.0 mph and 22%

modified bruce protocol

appropriate for high risk or older adults

similar to bruce

modified bruce stage 1

1\.7 mph and 0%

modified bruce stage 2

1\.7 mph and 5%

modified bruce stage 3

1\.7 mph and 10%

modified bruce stage 4

2\.5 mph and 12%

modified bruce stage 5

3\.4 mph and 14%

modified bruce stage 6

4\.2 mph and 16%

modified bruce stage 7

5\.0 mph and 18%

modified bruce stage 8

5\.5 mph and 20%

modified bruce stage 9

6\.0 mph and 22%

exercise professionals rely on what testing?

submaximal

submaximal testing

uses HR during one or more submax work rates to predict VO2max

ensure accurate estimation of VO2max from submax test, all these assumptions must be met

steady state HR obtained for each work rate

linear relationship exists between HR and work rate

difference between actual and predicted max HR is minimal

mechanical efficiency is same for everyone

subject not taking meds that alter HR or using high quantities of caffeine, ill, or in a high temp environment that can alter HR

cycle ergometer protocols

single stage

6 mins

50 RPM

obtain HR values between 125-170bpm → measured during 5th and 6th min

work rate

based on 5th and 6th min of work

work rate women unconditioned

300 or 450 kgm x min^-1 (50 or 75W)

work rate women conditioned

450 or 600 kgm x min^-1 (75 or 100W)

work rate men unconditioned

300 or 600 kgm x min^-1 (50 or 100W)

VO2 max through nomogram

nomogram value x correction factor

1RM testing warm ups

1st complete 5-10 ‘easy’ reps then 1 min rest

2nd complete 3-5 reps with 60-80% estimated then 2 min rest

3rd needs 2-3 reps at 90-95% of estimated

1RM procedure

after warmups, increase load to lifters estimated RM

attempt one reps with load if unsuccessful, rest 2-4 mins before trying again with reduced 2.5-5% load

should be achieved in 3-5 trials and record max weight

estimating 1RM

when max strength is not warranted

testing 10RM load & predicting 1RM

10RM same to 1RM, just 10 reps

sequential load increase for 10RM are 1/2 those for 1RM

use prediction equations to estimate 1RM from multiple

Fullerton Senior Fitness Test (SFT) why test?

upper and lower body strength (climbing stairs, walking, getting up, reducing fall risk and bone loss)

aerobic endurance (reduces risk for medical conditions/diseases, needed to perform ADLs)

upper and lower body flexibility (necessary for good mobility, increase ROM, and prevention of low back pain/injuries)

agility and dynamic balance (improve quick maneuvers needed during mobility tasks)

SFT how test?

20-30 mins for individual or 60-90 for a group

perform 5-8 mins of warm up and stretching

SFT test order

chair stand test, arm curl test, 6 MWT or 2 min step test, chair sit and reach test, back scratch test, 8 foot up and go test

\-if 6 MWT is changed to 2 min step test, must be administered

muscular endurance tests

push up test

push up test

subjects must be straight at all times and push up to a straight arm position

max number of push ups performed consecutively

stopped when client strains or unable to maintain appropriate technique

muscular power test

margaria kalamen test

maragaria kalamen test

measure the height of step and distance from 3rd to 9th step

subject sprints to stairs 6 m (20ft) from base.

time it takes from step 3 to step 9 (nearest 0.01 sec)

perform 3 trials 2-3 mins rest

power (W) = (weight (newtons) x height (meters)) / time (sec)

power (W)

(weight (newtons) x height (meters)) / time (sec)

lbs → newtons

lbs x 4.45

kg → netwons

kg x 9.807

skinfolds

on dry skin, before exercise

use thumb and index finger to form fold of skin and subcutaneous fat

caliper prongs perpendicular to fold

1-2 seconds after finger grip released, read dial to nearest 0.5mm

skinfold abdominal

vertical fold, 2 cm to right of umbilicus

skinfold triceps

vertical fold, posterior midline of upper arm

skinfold biceps

vertical fold, anterior aspect of arm over belly of biceps muscule

skinfold chest/pectoral

diagonal fold, 1/2 distance between axillary line and nipple (men) or 1/3 distance between anterior axillary line and nipple (women)

skinfold medial calf

vertical fold at max circumference of calf

skinfold midaxillary

vertical fold on midaxillary line at level of xiphoid process of sternum

skinfold subscapular

diagonal food (45 degrees) 1-2 cm below inferior angle

skinfold suprailiac

diagonal fold in line with natural angle of iliac crest

skinfold thigh

vertical fold on anterior midline of thigh midway between proximal patella and inguinal crease

skinfold calculations

calculate average of 3 measurements per site

sum averages

skinfold calculate body fat %

% body fat = ((4.95/body density) - 4.5) \* 100

hydrodensitometry procedure

measure vital capacity

record spirometer temp

obtain residual volume and body weight & water temp

perform UWW trails (6-10 of them)

UWW procedure

subject blow out all air while submerging head underwater

count to 10 before coming up

record weight after empty lungs

do 6 trials unless heaviest trials differ > 0.15 kg

Residual Volume Calculation males

VCbtps x 0.24

Residual Volume Calculation females

VCbtps x 0.28

true underwater weight

UWW weight - tare weight

body volume

(DBW-TUWW / DH2O) - RV - 0.1

body density

DBW / BV

% body fat

((4.95 / body density) - 4.50 ) \*100

fat weight

DBW \* (% fat / 100)

fat free weight

DBW - FW

target weight

FFW / 1 - target fat % /100)

sit and reach

most widely used for flexibility

canadian trunk forward flexion

sit and reach box

YMCA sit and reach

properly placed tape measure

modified sit and reach

modified manner in a chair

sit and reach disadvantages

only measures flexibility of single joint movement

many fitness batteries use this as primary assessment but is incomplete flexibility measure

relationship to predict low back pain limited

Y-Balance Test

measure leg length

stand barefoot on center block

toes of opposite foot push anterior block as far as possbile while balancing, record distance pushed

repeat with push leg toward testing and away from testing

test each direction 3 times and switch feet

best score are summed and dividied by 3 times leg length for composite score

Y-balance test composite score

sum of the 3 directions / 3 (leg length)

what leg is tested during Y balance test

leg supporting body weight

SEBT

stand in center of grid with 8 lines extending

maintains single leg stance facing in one direction and reaching as far as possible on each tpaed line

measure from center of star to touch position

15 s rest period between each trials

SEBT discarded when

does not touch line

lifts stance foot from center

loses balance

does not maintain start and return for 1 full second

pro agility test

athlete straddles centermost of 3 parallel lines

on signal, sprints 5 yards to Left line, changes direction to spring 10 yards to right line then again to sprint 5 yards to center line

best of two trials recored to nearest 0.01 seconds