history final

Industrial Revolution

a period of rapid industrial development that began in England in the 18th century but soon spread throughout Western Europe, the United States, and the world

Enclosure Movement

a push that took land that has been formerly owned in common by all members of a village, and changed it to privately owned land usually with walls and fences around it, a law that takes land from families and makes it into one big industrial farm

crop rotation

a change in Europe's farming techniques that helped cause the Industrial Revolution; the practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health and optimize nutrients in the soil, every 4 years \= new crops

spinning jenny

a machine that was developed in the Industrial Revolution; a multi-spindle spinning frame

power loom

a mechanized loom powered by a line shaft that was developed in the industrialization of weaving during the Industrial Revolution

mechanization

the introduction of machines

interchangeable parts

part of the factory system; parts that are identical for practical purposes to fit any assembly of the same type

Factors of Production

groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services; 1. Land (resources) 2. Labor (people) 3. Capital (money or equipment) 4. Entrepreneurship (innovations/factory owners)

Urbanization

the process of making an area more urban, the growth of cities

Factory System

a method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building, machine made, division of labor, power loom, increased costs with mechanization, assembly line, interchangeable parts, hourly wages instead of piece work, cheaper production costs and prices, increased demand

Domestic System

method of production in which work is done in homes rather than in a shop or factory, hand sewn, spinning jenny, high production costs, high prices, low output, low demand

James Watt

a Scottish engineer and inventor who improved on the Newcomen steam machine with his Watt steam engine

Steam Engine

a machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion, runs on coal, iron was an important component in many steam engine parts

Assembly Line

a manufacturing process in which parts are added as the semi-finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation

Division of Labor

the separation of the work required to produce a product into a number of different tasks that are performed by different workers; specialization of workers

Factory Act of 1850

limited children's weekly hours to 60 hours and daily hours to 10.5

collective bargaining

when groups of employees are able to negotiate working conditions such as wages

labor unions

associations of workers that collected dues, went on strike, and made collective demands of factory owners

strikes

a large group of workers who stop working in protest of wages and working conditions

Capitalism

the economic and political system where industry is privately controlled for profit, goal was profit

Industrial Capitalism

capitalism that emerged from the Industrial Revolution; division of labor, assembly line, mass production leads to more profit

the invisible hand

a term coined by Adam Smith to describe the self-regulating nature of the marketplace, says that you shouldn't raise tax on prices of products because it will rise naturally, the prices, labors, and markets will adjust itself

free enterprise

an economic system in which private business operates in competition and largely free of state control, Laissez Faire - "let do"

Adam Smith

founder of capitalism, first wrote about Capitalism (Wealth of Nations), considered the Father of Capitalism, his ideas of Law of Supply and Demand and Law of Competition, no government regulation of business, free enterprise, invisible hand

Laissez Faire

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering, "let do"

Utilitarianism

philosophy that advocated that a morally right action does the most amount of good for the most people

Karl Marx

wrote the Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels

wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx

The Communist Manifesto

a socialist manifesto, book, written by Marx and Engels describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views; the Proletariat is exploited by the Bourgeoisie

Proletariat

the working class, group of people whose value to society is their labor, got poorer in the Industrial Revolution

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, factory workers, the French Revolution gave the Bourgeoisie political power and the Industrial Revolution gave them economic power, got richer in the Industrial Revolution

Communism

the total collective ownership and the absence of all private and government, no government involved, everything is distributed and shared among the community

Socialism

the precursor to Communism where the Means of Production are controlled by the government

Means of Production

resources for producing goods

What are the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

northern England, the agricultural revolution (the shift from small family farming to big industrial farms that mass produce crops), coal and environmental factors, colliery, Britain had very large coal mines, coalfields were near the cities, Britain was flat, coal was important because it was used to generate pumps and steam engines, manual labor, steam power was the turning point, textile and trade, finance and wages, merchants were powerful, high wages

How do changes in agriculture (sometimes known as the Second Agricultural Revolution) lead to the Industrial Revolution?

use of fertilizer, selective breeding, crop rotation, higher yielding seeds, better farming equipment led to higher efficiency and productivity, the cotton gin and speed drill; these changes kept food prices low and freed up labor from the countryside, more workers for factories in the city, combines small fields into large ones which was more efficient and required less workers

What are the changes to daily life that occur as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

longer work hours, harder and dangerous working conditions, over population

Explain the concerns around labor rights and factory conditions that emerged in the Industrial Revolution.

children were often employed to perform dangerous work for long hours, many children were forced to work barefoot and without shoes, frequent injuries, children getting caught in the machinery, air quality was intoxicating

Role of energy in the Industrial Revolution - How does energy change?

industry originally relied upon water, wind, wood, and human and animal labor; coal, oil, and natural gas replaced these; these energy sources meant more powerful machines and possibilities; more energy\=increased production\=more output of goods; created a culture of innovation

What are consequences of the Industrial Revolution? (think short vs. long term and positive vs. negative)

negative: increase in carbon emissions from factories and the dangers of working in the factories (women inequality, unfair pay and rights, child labor) positive: improved technology, allowed more goods to be produced and shipped so there was better economics and trade

What attempts at reform were made?

several commissions investigated working conditions in factories, many public figures openly expressed ideas in support of or against regulating the country's growing factory system, labor unions and strikes, social protest of Luddites (anti-factory, anti-technology, accused machines of taking their jobs)

Explain the system of capitalism and its pros/cons.

it was caused by the Industrial Revolution and was where the industry is privately controlled for profit, goal was profit, wealth can grow which caused competition and innovations increased efficiency and grow wealth, producers competed for the consumer money by lowering their prices or introducing new products, free trade with anyone, do not heavily tax the import of goods across foreign countries, government was not involved or involved a little, individuals had freedom and the opportunity to create wealth by making choices based on self-interest

What is Communism (and by extension Socialism) and how are they a reaction to the Industrial Revolution?

communism and socialism are political and economic ideals that seek to establish classless societies in which resources, property, and means of production are owned collectively; the goal is to achieve higher social and economic quality; these ideas emerged as the Industrial Revolution created widespread poverty, inequality, and exploitation as the workers were subjected to long hours of work in dangerous working conditions while getting low pay; communism aims for a complete overthrow of the capitalist system, while socialism aims for gradual reforms within the framework of the capitalist system

Niger River Basin Major Ethnic Groups

Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa-Fulani

Nigerian Physical Geography Applications (Climate/River Divisions)

far south: tropical rainforest, swamp area; far north: arid desert; everything between: savannah; rivers for agriculture; trade oil as major industry; Niger River separates groups

Nigerian Natural Resources

oil, agriculture, and extra resources

Elements of Nigerian History (General not Igbo related)

Nigerians occupied the Niger River Basin for thousands of years likely descending from the Nok People in Prehistory, Legacy of West African Empire: Ghana is rich in gold mines, Mali is ruled by a very powerful man known as the "richest man" because of gold, Songhai; major industries are Iron Work and farming (yams and cassava); contact with other societies via Trade-Saharan Trade; Egalitarian societies with republican councils to make decisions with a council of elders (men and women have different roles but mostly equal); Islamic Caliphates controlled Northern Nigeria

What are the three major ethnic groups and generally where are they located geographically?

Hausa-Fulani is on the top, Yoruba is lower left, and Igbo is lower right

Why is it so difficult to study the precolonial history of Africa/Nigeria?

many records and traditions were passed down orally and are not written down, some records have been lost due to colonization

Explain the aspects of Igbo Society: Governance, Economy, and Culture

governance: Egalitarian, democratic councils based on an age group system, gender groups, councils of chiefs, elder councils, lacked a central government; economy: dependent on agriculture of yams and cassava, ironwork as a major industry; culture: supreme god was Chukwu, but he was a spiritual component to most natural elements, polytheistic

Imperialism

a policy of cultural, economic, or political influence over other societies; includes a broader array of policies that powerful states enact

Colonialism

form of Imperialism; the acquisition and exploitation of territory by a foreign power for its own economic and political benefit

How did the Europeans divide Africa

as a result of the Industrial Revolution, Europeans intensified their pursuit of resources and land in Africa, "The Scramble for Africa", The Berlin Conference, white men split and divided Africa with no say from African leaders

Explain the Colonial Process in Nigeria (indirect rule in Northern/Southern Protectorate vs. Lagos Colony)

First: combining of Southern Protectorate and Lagos Colony; Second: combining of Southern Colony and Northern Colony

Describe life in Colonial Nigeria

Indirect and Colonial Rule; racism affected colonization; the British justified their colonial rule with patronizing and racist ideas that took power from Nigerians; the British incorrectly believed that Nigeria's development was only possible with European involvement; the British built schools, hospitals, houses, and railroads; rescinded economic freedoms of women that had been granted under pre-colonial systems; the colonial system increased educational opportunities available to elite Nigerian women

Nigerian Independence

representatives from all three regions of British Nigeria discussed governance and formed three federations; Nigeria then became a full independent country with a Constitution, President, and Prime Minister; in the early years of independence, Nigeria faced major issues of unity and also questions of which ideals would best govern the country

Explain the aspects of Chinese identity

shared sense of history, cultural heritage, language, deep connection to Chinese civilization, involves values and a strong attachment to family and community, influenced by a sense of national pride in relation to China's historical achievements, resilience, and status as a major global power

Explain the aspects of Japanese identity

shaped by a sense of national pride, strong attachment to cultural traditions, encompasses values, influenced by bushido and connection to nature

Compare and contrast Imperialism in Nigeria, China, and Japan

similarities: all three countries experienced impact of imperialism and has been led to economic exploitation and political dominance; differences: in Nigeria, British imperialism was motivated by economic interests, while China and Japan were more resistant to European imperialism, Japan modernized and adopted Western technologies while China faced significant internal turmoil, Japan pursued its own imperial ambitions, China experienced foreign imperial control

Describe Modernization in China vs in Japan

Japan: Meiji Restoration initiated period of rapid modernization, the government implemented reforms which led to Japan's transformation into a major world power in a short period; China: faced disruptions of political instability and internal conflicts, modernization efforts were fragmented and impeded by internal conflicts

Describe what it was like "Before Imperialism": Igbo vs. Qing vs. Tokugawa

the Igbo society had complex governance system characterized by decentralized units and a vibrant trade network; Qing Dynasty has a highly centralized imperial rule with a rigid social hierarchy and emphasis on Confucian principles; Tokugawa Shogunate practiced a strict feudal system and isolated the country from the outside world which fostered economic stability and promoted a unique cultural identity

Unequal Treaties

trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; gave Western powers trade benefits

What are the long term effects of Imperialism?

economic exploitation, political disruption, loss of cultural identity, social inequalities; Imperialism shaped national borders and ethnic tensions; Imperialism led to accumulation of wealth and resources and contributed to the rise of nationalism

Yoruba

the Christian ethnic group in southwestern Nigeria

Igbo

the Christian ethnic group in southeastern Nigeria; one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa, one of the three largest majority groups in current day Nigeria

Hausa-Fulani

the largest ethnic group that lives in northern Muslim Nigeria

Scramble for Africa

refers to the time where Europeans intensified their pursuit of resources and land in Africa as a result of the Industrial Revolution; where European countries rused to Africa in competition for natural resources and claims of colonial land

Berlin Conference

occurred in Berlin, Germany from 1884-1885; the official attempt to establish guidelines and borders for colonizing Africa; held by Europeans in Europe to make decisions about African Americans; no African leaders were invited to this conference

Indirect Rule

system of governance used by the British in Nigeria that relied on existing indigenous and local leaders to carry out laws and orders from British imperial authorities

Colonial Rule

direct rule using British officials and run with British government structure; the practice of complete control of political, economic, and social-cultural decisions by colonizing country

Colony

a territory of their colonial masters who exercise full control over all aspect of the colony

Lagos Colony

the colony combined with the northern protectorate

Protectorate

retain their sovereignty and are responsible for the latter's external relations and defense

Qing Dynasty

Manchurian rule of China; the last dynasty

Manchu

people from the north (Manchuria); not Chinese; become the leaders of the Qing Dynasty; outnumbered by the Han Chinese; Manchu script; the Queue

Queue

the Manchurian hair style the men wore; all men were required to wear this hairstyle; easy way to spot enemies and rebels; during rebellions people cut off the queue as a sign of protest

Tributary System

a system in which from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China

Emperor Kangxi

blended Manchu and Chinese culture; emphasize confucian values; kept some Manchu customs (the queue and certain laws); generally most of his policies were based around the Confucian values; favored scholars and kept the Civil service Exam; reduced money and labor demands on Chinese subjects in order to keep them happy and to keep them working hard; benevolent policy; helps economy; Southern Inspection Tours because they wanted to see what was happening in southern China

Emperor Qianlong

more famous of the two emperors; grandson of Emperor Kangxi; continues the success of his grandfather; "High Qing" to refer to prosperity; created a strong and growing economy; weakness: no industrial revolution, corruption in government, and collapses when the British come and force their way in

Celestial Teachings

Christian beliefs

Matteo Ricci / Jesuit Missionaries

the Italian Jesuit; when the Jesuits came to China to spread Christianity, he was the nice one

Canton Trade System

system that made it hard for British to trade in China; westerners could only trade through one port, the Canton

hongs

Chinese merchants who brought the Chinese goods to trade with foreigners

Opium Wars

First Opium War began in 1840 after Commissioner Lin banned the sale, trade, and use of Opium in Canton; as a result of losing the first war China was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing which caused economic problems

British East India Company

the Indian Rebellion of 1857 caused the British Government to take direct control over the Indian colony, which has previously been controlled by this organization

Treaty of Nanjing

an "unequal treaty" to end Opium War in which China had to accept British terms for peace; British gained a port at Hong Kong for 99 years; the Chinese had to pay a huge sum of money to the British government and merchants; British gained access to 5 new Chinese ports; extraterritoriality for British citizens living in these ports; no benefits for the Chinese

Trade Imbalance

a situation in which a country imports more goods than it exports

Extraterritoriality

the right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation

Commissioner Lin Tse Hsu

bans the sale, trade, and use of Opium in Canton; writes letters to Queen Victoria about the morality of Opium trade; orders destruction of British Opium Trade Ships

Ambassador MacCartney

person sent by Britain to convince the Chinese to open their northern port cities to British traders and allow the British ships to be repaired on Chinese territory (did not work)

Hong Kong

a British colony in China, received after the first Opium War and returned to China in 1997

Self Strengthening Movement

the Chinese movement where military and economic reforms were adopted by the Chinese; consisted of three parts: purchasing modern artillery and gunboats from western powers, creating offices to deal with Western affairs and government restructuring, economic development (attempts at industrializing); failed because of rebellions, instability, corruption, tension, cultural traditions, "too little too late"

Boxer Rebellion

an internal rebellion that was one of the causes of the collapse of the Qing Dynasty; cause: the anti-western rebellion against anything foreign (secret support from Empress Cixi); led to the destruction of western areas of Beijing; 8-nation European/Western forces invaded Beijing to stop settlement; ultimate outcome led Empress Cixi to advocate for real reform

Taiping Rebellion

an internal rebellion that was one of the causes of the collapse of the Qing Dynasty; 20 million people died; anti-manchu uprising started by Chinese Christian movement; outlawed opium, alcohol, slavery, and foot binding; promised more egalitarian economy, end of Manchu rule; Qing government ended this uprising with help from the Western powers

kami

spirits that embody everything

Amaterasu

the Japanese sun goddess; their main deity; her grandson is the first emperor of Japan

Land of the Rising Sun

Japan's nickname

Shinto

the way of the kami; believe they are a descendent of the kami; "Japan is Shinto, Shinto is Japan"

Samurai

the warrior class in the Japanese Feudal System; in the 12th century the Samurai "warrior administrators" rose to power; their strength comes from group loyalty, discipline; protect the Daimyo; in the Tokugawa Period the Samurai evolve from warriors to bureaucrat; in Feudal Japan Samurai is military

Bushido

the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai; "the way of the warriors"; similar to chivalry