Nutrition Exam 3

energy is

the capacity to do work

what unit is energy measured in

calories

calorie is

energy required to rate 1 g water 1 Celsius

kcal is

energy required to rate 1 kg water 1 Celsius

negative energy balance does what

weight loss

energy balance does what

maintains weight

positive energy balance

weight gain

hunger is

biological impulse to seek food

appetite is (3)

Liking or wanting of food for reasons other than hunger
product sensory stimuli and perceived pleasure
Affected by the food environment

what does gherlin do

increases hunger

short term system of hunger depends on (2)

regulated hunger and satiety
mediated by gherkin and stomach pressure

what does leptin do

surpresses hunger

long term system of hunger depends on (3)

adjusts intake and energy expenditure
maintain fat storage
mediated by leptin

component energy expenditure (TEE)

basal metabolic rate (BMR)
thermic effect of food (TEF)
activity energy expenditure (AEE)

what is BMR, % of TEE

Energy expenditure required to maintain essential functions that sustain life
60% TEE

equation FFM

FFM = total body mass - fat mass

higher FFM = (higher/lower) BMR

higher

skeletal muscle how much more active adipose tissue

3

women have a higher/lower BMR

lower (more fat mass)
- decline BMR with age

what is TEF

Energy needed to digest absorb and metabolize nutrients in our food

TEF equivalent what % energy content of food ingested

10%

does TEF vary between people

not greatly

AEE def.

Amount of energy expended in physical activity per day
- most variable component TEE

NEAT

Activities of daily living
Maintain posture and spontaneous movements

how does adipose tissue grow/decline

increases numbered size, declines by decrease size (same number)

connection between obesity, inflammation and disease

Enlarged fat cells produce excess hormones.
Hormones cause low-grade inflammation in the body, contributing to development of chronic disease

factors in developing obesity (3)

genetics
individual behaviors (major cause)
environmental factors

1 pound fat = how many kcal

3500

to lose 1 ibs/wk you need to reduces kcal by

500

to lose 2 ibs/wk you need to reduces kcal by

1000

BMI equation

kg/m^2

BMI
underweight

< 18.5

BMI healthy

18.5 - 24.9

BMI overweight

25 - 29.9

BMI obese

> or equal to 30

body fat distribution women

gynoid, resists weight loss, pear shaped

body fat distribution men

android, chronic health risks, apple shaped

obese waist circumference for men

> 40 in

obese waist circumference for women

> 35 in

leading cause of death(2)

heart disease, cancer

What are dietary recommendations for reducing chronic disease risk

my plate recommendations

% adults in US with CVD

50%

CVD generally caused by

atherosclerosis

what is atherosclerosis

Begins with injury to arterial lining, and excess ldl promotes progression
LDL causes plaque blockage, smaller lumen and infarction

coronary heat disease happens because of what, and what occurs

plaque, necrosis of heat tissue because of occlusion

what is an aneurysm

outward bulging of blood vessel

2 names for blood clots

thrombus, embolus

what is angina pectoris

chest pain due to inadequate blood flow

lipid panel for TC, TG, LDL, HDL

TC

saturated fats have H/L TC and LDL levels

both high

polyunsaturated fats have H/L HDL and LDL

high HDL, low LDL

monounsaturated fats have H/L LDL

omega 3 fatty acids fats have H/L TG

low

soluble fiber has H/L Tc and LDL

low

what is hypertension

high BP

what is normal BP # and the names for each pressure

hypertension (HTN) risk of

extra demands on heart muscle and blood vessels (inc risk plaque rupture)

sodium sensitivity, what age, what race, what 4 disease

50-65, African Americans, kidney disease, HTN, diabetes, obesity

replacing saturated fats with what decreases CVD risk

unsaturated fats

what 2 components main components in skeletal system

calcium, phosphorus

magnesium in bone is essential for

absorption and metabolism of calcium

matrix of bone mineral is mostly

collagen

dynamic tissue consist of 2, what percent

mineral ( Ca and phosphorus) 65%, protein (collagen) 35%

what is cortical bone

dense shell

what is trabecular bone

hard, spongy network

what do osteoclasts do

breakdown bone

what do osteoblasts do

build bone

bone mass measured by

bone mineral density

what age is peak bone mass

30

loss of bone density and is a disease is called

osteoporosis

with age, bone is lost because of... (in women specifically)

dec. calcium and vitamin D absorption (dec. estrogen)

osteopenia is

low bone mineral

osteoporosis outcomes (4)

fractures, low mobility, loss height, kyphosis

T-scores of bone mineral density

Osteoporosis = -2.5 >
Osteopenia = -1.0 → -2.5
Normal = -1.0 → 4

3 stages cell cycle

1. DNA replication
2. cell division
3. cell death

cancer is

Diseases characterized by unchecked growth of malignant cells

4 stages cancer development in order

initiation, promotion, tumor progression, malignancy

in initiation

Cells DNA mutates( more likely to divide)

in promotion

Selectively growth and enhance of mutated cell
Mutated cells may develop into bening tumor

in tumor progression

Another mutation = Excess progression (proliferate even faster)

in malignancy

Additional mutation allows them to invade surrounding tissue and spread
Malignant cell invades blood

carcinoma

epithelial cells

Sarcoma

bone and soft tissue

lymphoma

cells immune systems (lymphocytes)

leukemia

blood forming tissue (bone marrow)

what 3 things influence cancer risk

genetic, lifestyle, environment

what factor is both biological and environmental

obesity

what % cancer-causing DNA alterations inherited from parents at conception

5%

early warning signs pneumonic

CAUTION
c=changes in bowel/bladder habits
A = a sore that does ot heal
U = unusual bleeding/ discharge
T = thickening or lump
I = indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O = obvious changes in wart/mole
N = nagging cough or hoarseness

hormone produced with high blood glucose, does what

insulin, Glucose uptake in cells (muscle and adipose)
Inliver, inulin promotes glycogen formation

hormone produced with low blood glucose, does what

glucagon, Glucagon release from pancreas
Stimulates breakdown liver glycogen and releases glucose into blood

What is diabetes mellitus

Body cannot control amount of glucose in the blood
- Pancreas cannot secrete insulin
- Cells cannot uptake glucose

type 1 diabetes is, %, when onset

no insulin produced (require insulin), 5-10%, young onset

type 2 diabetes is, %, when onset

insulin resistance (sometime require insulin), 90-95%, adulthood (excess weight)

Insulin sensitivity def.

Insulin signals an increase in glucose transporter activity by increasing the number of transporters

insulin resistance

Insulin signal is weak
- Blood glucose levels remain high

% adults in US insulin resistant

35%

normal physiology insulin

Insulin binds to insulin receptor activates glucose transporter (Glut-4) to allows glucose to travel through

physiology type 1

No insulin to bind, so no glucose transported

physiology type 2

Insulin bind to insulin receptor but a defect in signaling does not allow activation of glucose transporter (Glut-4)