Lesson 2: Vitamins & Nutrients

Nutrition

study of nutrients in food, how body utilizes it, and the relationship between diet, health, and disease.

Essential Fiber

non-digestible polysaccharide material that is crucial for normal operation of animal digestive systems

Energy-yielding nutrients

carbs, lipids, & proteins

Micronutrients

- often called as vitamins and minerals
- crucial for growth & development

Vitamins

essential nutrients that are necessary in the diet since they cannot be synthesized by humans

True

Only trace amounts of vitamins are needed but deficiency can cause disease or result in death

True

Some vitamins can act as coenzymes

Coenzymes

acts as transporters of specific functional groups

Vitamin C

all water-soluble vitamins are coenzymes or precursor of coenzymes except ____

Water-soluble vitamins

vitamins that act as a precursor to coenzymes and are directly absorbed in the blood

Thiamine

chemical name for B1

Riboflavin

chemical name for B2

Niacin

chemical name for B3

Pantothenic Acid

chemical name for B5

Pyrixodine

chemical name for B6

Biotin

chemical name for B7

Folate

chemical name for B9

Cobalamin

chemical name for B12

Ascorbic Acid

chemical name for vit C

Vitamin C

cannot be synthesized by humans and is necessary for the growth, development and repair of all body tissues

Iron

important for the synthesis of hemoglobin

Anemia

condition wherein low iron = low hemoglobin

Scurvy

Vit C deficiency

Vitamin B

major function is to act as coenzyme

Vitamin B1

- also called as Aneurin
- coenzyme of Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)

Beri-beri

condition resulting from the vitamin B deficiency

Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)

involved in carbohydrate metabolism and the synthesis of cleavage bonds to carbonyl carbons

Vitamin B2

- essential to the formation of two major coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide
- participate in oxidation-reduction reactions

Ariboflavinosis

condition resulting from the vitamin B2 deficiency

Vitamin B3

essential part of 2 coenzymes NAD+ and NADPH+

Dehydrogenases

enzymes that implicates the redox reactions

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)

needed in calcium mobilization & DNA

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+)

- functions in reductive synthesis in FAs or steroid synthesis
- involved in Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)

Pellagra & Crontity

condition resulting from the vitamin B3 deficiency

Vitamin B5

- essential for fatty acid metabolism
- synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
- precursor of CoA

Malnutrition

condition resulting from the vitamin B5 deficiency

Vitamin B6

- essential for enzymatic activities involved in synthesis/ protein metabolism
- Derivatives: Pyridoxal, Pyridoxine, Pyridoxamine

Pyridoxal 5-Phosphate (PLP)

- active form of vit B6
- synthesizes neurotransmitters and forms hemoglobin

Transalmidization Reaction

most common reaction type of catalyzation by PLP-dependent enzymes

Microcytic Anemia

condition resulting from the vitamin B6 deficiency

Vitamin B7

- act as a mobile carboxyl group carrier in a variety of enzymatic carboxylation reactions
- carrier of the most oxidized form of carbon

Intestinal Bacteria

synthesizes vitamin B7

Biocytin Residue

is a biotin-lysine conjugated amino acid

Lysine sidechain

act as a flexible rope for the biotin and allow transfer of carboxylate groups within the enzymes

Biotinylation

covalent addition of biotin to any molecules

Monocarboxylate Synthase

catalyze the proton-linked transport of monocarboxylates such as lactate and pyruvate

Alopecia & Periorificial Dermatitis

condition resulting from the vitamin B7 deficiency

Vitamin B9

- is used for methylation reactions
- interacts w/ vit C

Dietary Inadequacy & Megaloblastic Anemia

condition resulting from the vitamin B9 deficiency

Vitamin B12

- Active Forms: Methyl cobalamin & 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin
- involved in metabolism
- required by animals, which use it as a cofactor in DNA synthesis, in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism

5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin

predominant form of B12

Cobalt

the metal that is seen in Vitamin B12

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that are absorbed from the foods we eat and are stored in body tissues; toxic in excessive amounts

Vitamin A

- retinol
- essential for eye health, vision, immune function, cell growth, reproduction, and fetal development

Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic Acid

active forms of Vitamin A

Rhodopsin

a visual pigment that converts light energy into nerve impulses and sends it to the brain

Retinoic Acid

helps fight off different microorganism

Xerophthalmia

condition arises when there is vitamin A deficiency

Vitamin D

regulates Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis

D2 & D3

active forms of vitamin D

Ergocalciferol

D2

Cholecalciferol

D3

Rickets & Osteomalcia

condition resulting from deficiency of vitamin D

Calciferol

major circulating metabolite of vitamin D

Calcitriol

Active metabolite of Vitamin D

Vitamin E

- tocopherol
- vision, reproduction, and the health of your blood, brain and skin
- also has antioxidant properties

a-tocopherol

- main form of vitamin E
- the only vit that reverses the deficiency of vitamin E

Malnutrition & AVED

condition resulting from deficiency of vitamin E

Vitamin K

- Naphthoquinone
- required for blood coagulation or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues

K1, K2, K3

active forms of vitamin K

Phylloquinone

- K1
- synthesized by plants

Menaquinone

- K2
- synthesized by our gastrointestinal flora

Menadione

- K3
- converted into K4

Minerals

- an essential nutrient by organisms to perform functions necessary for life
- Types: Major and trace elements

Major minerals

minerals that are needed in large amounts

Trace Elements

minerals that are needed in small amounts

Water

- major component of blood
- necessary for Electrolyte and pH balance & transporting cells and oxygen

Protein

- 2nd most abundant substance in the body
- key to every cell, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones
- vital resource of nitrogen in the body

Amino Acids

building blocks of protein

Complete Protein

protein that supplies all essential A.As

Incomplete Protein

protein that lacks some amino acids but can be obtained from diet

Surplus Dietary Protein

protein that becomes a resource of metabolic energy

Ketogenic amino acids

transformed into fatty acids/ keto acids

Glucogenic amino acids

transformed into glucose

Triacylglycerol

converted from excess fats and carbohydrates and is stored as fats

Nitrogen Balance

describes the relationship between supply and demand of nitrogen within an organism

Positive nitrogen balance

means that the organism is bringing in more protein than it needs for growth or turnover

Negative nitrogen balance

- organism is not receiving enough protein for its normal growth or turnover
- corresponds into nutritional deficiency of protein

Carbohydrates

- functions as a Metabolic energy
- indispensable structural component of nucleic acids, glycolipids, & glycoproteins

Simple Sugars

are broken down in the glycolytic pathway to release and form glucose

Glucose

most common sugar

Fructose

sugar that is found in fruits and berries

Sucrose

sugar that is found in granulated sugar, milk, and milk products

Complex carbohydrates

starches and fiber

Starches

- stored in the body as Glycogen
- found in pastas, potatoes

Fiber

- cannot be metabolized by the body
- eliminates toxins in the body

Dietary Fiber

molecules that cannot be metabolized by the human body due to absence of the required enzymes

Cellulose

- polysaccharide component of plant cell walls
- required for the good function of colon

Lignin

- plant polymer of aromatic ring structures
- absorbs organic molecules in the digestive system

Trans fatty acids

- made by making liquid oil in solid form
- increases LPL while lowering HDL