propedeutics small animals- digestive system

-feeding and water: quantity, quality, appetite, thirst, mastication, salivation, swallowing

-vomit and diarrhea: quantity, quality

-management: changes in diet, foreign body

for a digestive system exploration, what type of information regarding the anamnesis should we get?

the mouth

at what part of the animal do we begin our digestive system exploration?

-lip position

-cheilitis (lip inflammation)/ wounds

-trismus (restriction of jaw movement)/ lockjaw

-difficulty opening the mouth

-sialorrhea (salivation)/ ptyalism (excess saliva)

-tongue exposition

-tumors

what do we need to observe regarding the external mouth?

hands on the jaw and mandible, fingers pressing lips toward the teeth. if the animal is dangerous, we use sedation and a gauze bandage to help

how should we open the mouth?

-mucous membranes

-tongue

-teeth

-hard palate

-soft palate

-salivary glands

-pharynx and tonsils

what should we observe when we open the mouth?

there is a congestion of blood

if the mucous membranes are red, what does this mean?

inflammation of the lips and mouth

what does stomatitis mean?

inflammation of the gums

what does gingivitis mean?

inflammation of the tongue

what does glossitis mean?

gingivitis

what is the medical term for inflammation of the gums?

benign mouth tumors

what is epulis?

malignant tumor

what is a melanoma?

epulis

what are these called?

gingivitis

what problem does this animal have?

macroglossia

what is the medical term describing an excessively big tongue?

small tongue

what does microglossia mean?

XII- hypoglossal nerve

if there is paralysis of the tongue, what nerve may be injured?

brachyocephalic

the soft palate is elongated in which breeds?

halitosis

what is the medical term for bad breath?

distemper

enamel hypoplasia is a common effect of what disease?

an often chronic gum disease characterized by inflammation and infection of the structures that support the teeth, including the gums (gingiva), alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal ligaments

what is periodontitis?

tartar buildup

what is creating this abnormal tooth color?

parotid, submandibular, sublingual, zygomatic

what are the 4 important salivary glands?

less saliva production/ dry mouth

causes: dehydration, drugs, panting, mouth breathing

what is hyposialia and what might cause it?

excess production of saliva

what is ptyalism?

-stomatitis, gingivitis, or glossitis

-foreign body

-drugs

-intoxications

what might cause ptyalism?

drooling- excess saliva production that leads to saliva uncontrollably leaking from the mouth

what is sialorrhea?

mandible fracture, foreign body, facial paralysis

what can cause sialorrhea?

inflammation of the salivary glands

what is sialadenitis?

the accumulation of saliva in a localized area due to the obstruction, trauma, or damage to a salivary gland duct (could be due to a foreign body)

what is a sialocele/mucocele?

a mucocele of the sublingual gland, under the tongue

what is a ranula?

a ranula

what is this?

sialadenitis

what is the problem?

-inflammation

-neoplasias

-foreign body

-pharynx reflex

what do we check for in the pharynx and tonsils?

probing- tests acid levels

endoscopy

how do we inspect the esophagus internally?

epigastrium- xiphoid region

mesogastrium- flanks and umbilical region

hypogastrium- inguinal and prepubian region

what are the 3 divisions of the abdomen?

food, tumor

if the abdomen is generally increased in size and it feels solid, what could be inside?

ascites (liquid in peritoneal cavity), pyometra (womb infection)

if the abdomen is generally increased in size and it feels liquid, what could be the problem?

hernia, tumor, bruises, abscesses, edema, heart problems, hyperproteinemia

if the abdomen is increased in size but only in a certain area (localized), what could be the problem?

solids- food, tumors

liquids- ascites, pyometra

gas

what could be the issue?

visceras, feces, tumors, tension

what can we feel when palpating the abdomen?

-peritonitis

-gastric or intestinal meteorism

-foreign body

-gastritis

-hepatitis

-pancreatitis

what issues might cause increased abdominal wall tension?

bladder and intestines

in normal conditions, what organs can we palpate in the abdominal region?

palpation and ausculation

and percussion- hit the abdomen on one size with the other hand on the other side, if there is fluid we feel the "abdominal fluid wave"

how do we check for free fluid in the abdominal cavity?

the liver

what is being percussed?

3-4 each minute

what is the normal amount of borborigms to hear when auscultating the abdominal cavity?

-hypermotility

-enteritis

-diarrhea

if there is an increased amount of borborigms per minute, what might be the cause?

-hypomotility

-paralytic ileum

-constipation, obstruction, impaction

what might be causes of a decreased amount of borborigms?

with the index or little finger

how do we palpate the anus?

-sphincter (agenesis, tonicity)

-rectal mucous (tumors, polyps)

-prolapse

-prostate

-anal glands (fistulas)

what should we evaluate when performing a rectal exam?

a rectal exam

what is the vet doing?

rectal prolapse

what is the issue?

anal gland inflammation

what is this issue?

a procedure where we make an incision into the abdominal wall to access the abdominal cavity

what is a laparotomy?