Neuro Part A's

CNS structure associated with body of sphenoid bone

Pituitary fossa

CNS structure associated with ethmoid bone

Olfactory bulb

CNS structure associated with foramen ovale

Mandibular division of CNV

CNS structure associated with foramen rotundum

Maxillary branch of CNV

CNS structure associated with internal auditory meatus

CNVII and VIII

What passes through foramen spinosum?

Middle meningeal artery

What is a feature of the anterior cranial fossa?

Frontal lobe, floor formed by ethmoid and sphenoid, bordered by frontal bone and lesser wing of sphenoid

The inner ear is found in

the petrous temporal bone

Fracture at the pterion could cause

Rupture in middle meningeal artery and cause epidural haematoma

Through which of the following does the internal carotid pass through to enter the skull?

Carotid canal

The artery that supplies the medial frontal cortex

Anterior cerebral artery

The pterion is found at the junction of which bones

Frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid

A skull fracture at the pterion is likely to cause

rupture in middle meningeal artery and epidural haematoma

In which bone is the pituitary fossa situated

Sphenoid

Two brain areas supplied by the posterior cerebral artery

Occipital lobe

Describe the effects on motor and sensory function of a complete occlusion of the anterior spinal artery at the thoracic level

Motor paralysis and loss of pain and temperature sensation below occlusion

Describe the blood supply to the cerebral cortex

Anterior cerebral (medial hemisphere) runs with corpus callosum, middle cerebral (lateral hemisphere), posterior cerebral (supplies temporal lobe and visual cortex in occipital lobe)

What functional loss might you see after an occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery?

Anterior cerebral supplies the medial hemisphere, loss of motor and sensory function in lower limbs, apraxia, and anosmia

How does vertebral artery enter the skull?

Foramen magnum

Give one major function associated with the occipital lobe

Visual cortex for visual processing

What brain area is supplied by anterior cerebral artery?

Medial hemisphere (frontal lobe medial, superior medial parietal lobes)

What functional loss might occur if anterior cerebral artery were occluded?

Contralateral loss of motor and sensory function of lower limb

Occlusion of left anterior cerebral artery

Loss of motor and sensory function in right leg

Occlusion of right middle cerebral artery

Loss of motor and sensory function in left arm

Occlusion of left posterior cerebral artery

Loss of right hemifield vision

Occlusion of anterior spinal artery branches to medial medulla

Medial medullary syndrome

Occlusion of hypothalamo-hypophysial portal veins

Hypothyroidism - Packardt syndrome

Circle of Willis is located in the

interpenducular cistern, enclosing optic chiasm

THe anterior cerebral artery

along longitudinal fissure following corpus callsoum, supplies medial aspect of frontal and temporal lobe

The middle cerebral artery

enters lateral fissure, supplies lateral aspect of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, occlusion means loss in contralateral upper limb motor function and sensation

The superior sagittal sinus

allows brain to drain from lateral aspects of anterior hemispheres, CSF drains through arachnoid granulations into superior sagittal sinus, drains into transverse sinus

The middle meningeal artery

rupture leads to epidural haematoma, due to fracture of pterion

The vertebral artery

* Enters through foramen magnum
* Gives branches of anterior spinal and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
* Derived from subclavian

The vascular structure most commonly involved in extradural haemorrhage

Middle meningeal artery

The blood brain barrier

Separates blood from brain ECF, formed by endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes

Which arteries unite to form the basilar artery that then supplies blood to the brainstem?

Vertebral

Which of the following is usually supplied from the internal carotid arteries?

Anterior and middle cerebral, anterior and posterior communicating

Occlusion of middle cerebral arteries is likely to cause

Contralateral loss of motor and sensory function in upper limbs

Posterior cerebral arteries supply

Occipital lobe and inferior part of the temporal lobe

The circle of Willis

* In interpeduncular cistern
* Encloses optic chiasm
* Composed of anterior and posterior cerebral and communicating arteries

Which region of the brain would be affected by a block in posterior communicating artery?

Occipital lobe

The main artery that supplies the visual cortex bordering the calcarine sulcus

Posterior cerebral

The artery from which the labyrinthine artery to the inner ear branches

AICA/basilar/posterior inferior cerebellar

Rupture of a berry aneurysm on the posterior communicating artery will cause

occulomotor nerve palsy

Superficial cerebral veins from frontal cortex drain into

superior sagittal sinus

What are the afferent and efferent nerve involved in the blink reflex?

Afferent 5 \n Efferent 7

What are the afferent and efferent nerves involved in the papillary reflex?

Afferent 2 \n Efferent 3

Ciliary body

causes contraction of the lens, pupillary constriction

Optic disc

Also called blind spot, place where optic nerve leaves, lack of photoreceptors

Cornea

Front of eye, contains limiting lamina, collagen mesh of fibres at front

Sclera

Contains hole where optic nerve exits, lamina cribosa here

Vitreous chamber

Posterior chamber, slows dwn path of light

Iris

Responsible for controlling diameter and size of pupil

Conjuctiva

Mucous membrane covering the eyes and lines the inside of the eyelids

What neural pathways are involved in the accomodation reflex?

Afferent 2 \n Efferent 3

For the pupillary light reflex name the afferent nerve

Optic

For the pupillary light reflex name the site of termination of the afferent nerves involved in this reflex

Pretectal nuclei

For the pupillary light reflex name the efferent nerve

Occulomotor

For the pupillary light reflex name the nucleus of origin of the efferent nerve

EDW nucleus

For the pupillary light reflex name the muscle supplied by the efferent nerve

Sphincter muscle

Which muscles control the convergence of the eyes

Medial rectus

What is the action of the superior oblique muscle

Intorsion (down and out)

What is the action of the inferior oblique muscle?

Extorsion (up and out)

Which pathway interconnects the occulomotor nuclei

Posterior commissure

Which nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle

Abducens nerve

Which reflex is used in tracking moving targets

Vestibulo-ocular reflex

Aqueous humour

is in the anterior chamber

Dilation of the pupil

Controlled by the iris and ciliary bodies

THe rod system in the retina

Dim lighting, not found at fovea

Horizontal cells

Relay visual info laterally

The optic nerve in the orbit

Leave at lamina cribosa, at blind spot, no photoreceptors here

When one eye is illuminated

it dilates, the other dilates consensually

The afferent nerve of the pupillary light reflex is

CNII

The site of termination of the afferents involved in the pupillary light reflex is

Pretectal nucleus

The nucleus of origin of the efferent nerve of the pupillary light reflex

EDW nucleus

The efferent nerve of the pupillary light reflex is

Occulomotor nerve

Medial rectus

Adduction

Superior oblique

Down and out

Lateral rectus

Abduction

Inferior oblique

Up and out

Ciliary

If ciliary contracts, lens is more spherical and pupil constricts

Structure involved in drainage of aqueous humour

Canal of Schlemm

The structure invovled in actively controllling the accomodation reflex

Ciliary body

The posterior chamber of the eye

Vitreous humour

Which of the following is the cause of papilledema?

Raised AC pressure

Cranial nerve supplying parasympathetic fibres to the pupillary constrictor muscle

Occulomotor nerve

Scala media contents and relative K+ ion concentration

Contains endolymph, 150mM of K+

What are the functional components of the middle ear?

Tympanic membrane, Eustachian tube, ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

What is the function of the ear ossicles?

Concentration force of vibrations to improve sensitivity to sound, form of impedance matching

Which muscles controls the movement of the stapes?

Stapedius

Which nerve controls the stapedius?

Tympanic branch of facial nerve

Which ion has a high concentration in the fluid found in the scala media?

K+

On which membrane does the Organ of Corti sit?

Basilar membrane

T/F The tympanic membrane normally cones inward toward the middle ear

T

T/F The baseplate of the stapes is inserted into the oval window

T

T/F Stapedius muscle is controlled by the trigeminal nerve

F (facial nerve)

T/F The composition of endolymph is similar to the of ECF

F (K+ is a lot higher at 150mM_

T/F Inner hair cells receive more sensory auditory nerve fibres than outer hair cells

T

The retina develops from the

diencephalon (outgrowth of forebrain, ectodermal)

Hydrocephalus is caused by

blockage of ventricular system, so CSF accumulates in the skull