APUSH Period 5: 1844-1877

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117 Terms

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Texas Revolution
War between Texas settlers and Mexico from 1835-1836 resulting in the formation of the Republic of Texas
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Battle of the Alamo
Small group of Texans stand against Santa Anna but were all killed in battle or executed; becomes rallying cry for Texas' cause
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Davy Crockett
Famous frontiersman, left Tennessee to help Texas fight Mexico for independence. Died at the Alamo.
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James Bowie
United States pioneer and hero of the Texas revolt against Mexico
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Election of 1840
William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat); result: Whig victory & a truly national two-party system.
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Texas Annexation
1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later bacame parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.
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James Polk
11th President of the United States from Tennessee; committed to westward expansion; led the country during the Mexican War; U.S. annexed Texas and took over Oregon during his administration
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Oregon Dispute
Dispute settled when a line was drawn at 49 degrees - the future border between British Columbia and Washington.
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Mexican-American War
(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.
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Mexico and Texas border dispute
Polk orders General Zachary Taylor to lead US troops to border; sends representatives to Mexico to settle dispute
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Thoreau's Civil Disobedience
Essay advocating disobeying laws on moral grounds.
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General Winfield Scott
Led the U.S. forces' march on Mexico City during the Mexican War. He took the city and ended the war.
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Bear Flag Revolt
A revolt of American settlers in California against Mexican rule. It ignited the Mexican War and ultimately made California a state.
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Treaty of Gaudalupe Hidalgo
Treaty that ended the Mexican war
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Mexican Cession
1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.
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Wilmot Proviso
1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico
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Free Soil Party
A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery
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Gadsden Purchase
Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.
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Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west
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Ostend Manifesto
A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.
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Webster-Ashburton Treaty
1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states.
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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.
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Arguments for a strong federal government
Unify nation economically and provide infrastructure
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Advocates for state's rights
Fearful of strong federal government and felt that any power not given to the federal government by the Constitution belonged to the states.
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Manumission
A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave.
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Solomon Northup
A free black man who was captured and sold to slavery in Louisiana for 12 years.
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Compromise of 1850
(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas
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Fugitive Slave Law
Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty; repealed the 1820 Missouri Compromise
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Bleeding Kansas
A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.
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Free Soilers
People who opposed expansion of slavery into western territories
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Senator Charles Sumner
Senator from Massachusetts and was attacked by Preston Brooks with a cane over the issue of slavery
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John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry
John Brown's failed scheme to invade the South w/ armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, N. abolitionists; seized the fed. arsenal; Brown & remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged; South feared danger if it stayed in Union
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Pottawatomie Massacre
Abolitionist John Brown and his men killed 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas; response to Sack of Lawrence
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William Lloyd Garrison
United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)
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Angela and Sarah Grimke
Angela became a Quaker (earliest abolitionist supporters) and wrote a private letter to William Lloyd Garrison; both left the South and headed north to try and abolish slavery
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Fredrick Douglass
American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published the autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.
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Harriet Tubman
United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)
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Underground Railroad
A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
a novel published by harriet beecher stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral
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Know-Nothing Party
Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant
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Dred Scott Decision
A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.
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Failures of Buchanan
(1) Northerner, not completely pro-slavery, but also friendly to the South (2) Endorsed the Lecompton (slave) government of Kansas (3) Supported the failed Corwin Amendment (4) Refused to act against succession attempts by the South
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Constitutional Union
in the election of 1860, this party just wanted to find a peaceful way to keep the country together
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Election of 1860
Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.
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Confederate States of America
A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States
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Cornerstone Speech
a speech delivered by Confederate Vice President, Alexander Stephens in Savannah, Georgia on March 21, 1861. It laid out the Confederate causes for the American Civil War, and defended slavery.
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Fort Sumter
Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
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Border States
States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.
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Union Advantages
(1) Bigger population (2) Bigger weapon production (3) Bigger railroad mileage (4) Bigger factory production (5) Bigger farm acreage
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Confederate Advantages
(1)Superior generals (2) Expected help from England and France (3) Only needed to defend their territory to win (4) Planned to pay for the war by selling cotton
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Robert E. Lee
Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force
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War of Attrition
A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses
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Habeas Corpus
a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.
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Anaconda Plan
Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south
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1st Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
Battle of the Civil War where the Confederacy won, people realized the war would last longer than first expected.
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Merrimack vs. Monitor
Most famous naval battle of the civil war. These were two ironclads that fought to a draw on March 1862. This battle marked the end of wooden war ships.
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CSS Hunley
Confederate submarine in Charleston. First to sink a ship in a war (Housatonic)
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2nd Battle of Bull Run
Union army led by General John Pope lost to Stonewall Jackson while trying to reach Richmond.
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Maryland Campaign
Confederate General Robert E. Lee organized the invasion of the Union slave state Maryland because he believed that there were many Confederate sympathizers, thus leading MD to join the rebel cause; hoped to move war out of VA (none of his goals materialized)
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draft law
an act of Congress giving the government authority to enlist men in the army without those men's consent
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Battle of Antietam
Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties
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General George McClellan
Lincoln's first choice for commander of the Union forces/ he prepared the men well, but he would never attack
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Emancipation Proclamation
Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.
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Massachusetts 54th Regiment
First successful Black regiment (headed mostly by whites). Led by Robert Gould Shaw. Most famous battle was that fought at Ft. Wagner where they lost most of their men--a very celebrated regiment
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Chancellorsville
A major battle in the American Civil War (1863), the Confederates under Robert E. Lee defeated the Union forces under Joseph Hooker. General Jackson was killed by friendly fire.
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Battle of Gettysburg
Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.
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Gettysburg Address
A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg
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Siege of Vicksburg
1863 Union army's blockade of Vicksburg, Mississippi, that led the city to surrender during the Civil War
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General Ulysses S. Grant
The lead general of the Union Army. He was brave and bold. His daring attacks and recklessness lost him many men.
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New York City Draft Riots
July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs.
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Copperheads
A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War
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Sherman's March to the Sea
During the Civil War, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along there way.
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Total War
A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort
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William Tecumseh Sherman
Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war
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Field Order 15
Sherman's special order granting 400,000 acres of land to newly freed black families in forty-acre segments; likely origin of the phrase "forty acres and a mule"
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Appomattox Court House
Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant
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Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan
A plan that offered reinstatement for Southern states as long as 10% of the state swore allegiance to the Union. This was created in an attempt to create a moderate peace plan that wouldn't upset the South.
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Reconstruction Era
The time after the Civil War between 1866 and 1877 when the institutions and infrastructure of the South were rebuilt.
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Radical Republicans
After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.
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Radical Republican Reconstruction Plan
Divided the south into 5 military districts that were governed by the US military. The Radical Republicans in Congress turned
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Reconstruction into a congressional duty and used it as a way to punish the South for the Civil War. A positive was that many African Americans were able to vote and some were elected to political offices
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Wade-Davis Bill
1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.
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Freedmen's Bureau
Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War
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13th Amendment
Abolition of slavery
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Lincoln's Assassination
Shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C., April 14, 1865
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Presidential Reconstruction
All states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.
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Andrew Johnson
17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.
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Civil Rights Act of 1866
Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.
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14th Amendment
Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
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Military Reconstruction Act
1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions
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Tenure of Office Act
Required the president to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees.
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Impeachment
A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office
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15th Amendment
Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
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Reconstruction Amendments
13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
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Election of 1868
The Republicans nominated General Grant for the presidency in 1868. The Republican Party supported the continuation of the Reconstruction of the South, while Grant stood on the platform of "just having peace."The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour. Grant won the election of 1868.
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Hiram Revels
The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress.
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Redeemers
Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.
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Black Codes
Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War