biology~unit 1

types of cells

prokaryotic, eukaryotic

transport solvent

water

organic

macro

how many groups of macro molecules

four

one

monomer

many

polymer

amino acids

protein

glucose

carbohydrates

fatty acids

lipids

nucleotides

nucleic acids

what happens when you put two monomers together

dehydration synthesis/releasing water

removing water does what

leaves room for monomers to bond

adding water to bands

hydrolysis

carbohydrates

sugars, fiber, starch

Carbohydrates job

fuel molecules, provide chemical energy to cells

carbohydrates general formula

C(n)H(2n)O(n)

monosaccharides

one sugar

monosaccharides example

glucose/ribose

monosaccharides nature

water soluble

sweet

exist in chains or rings

disaccharides

two sugars

disaccharides example

maltose

disaccharides nature

two monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis

disaccharides bond name

glycosidic linkage

polysaccharides

many sugars

polysaccharides nature

polymers of linked sugar monomers

polysaccharides examples

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

starch

stores extra glucose in plant cells-glucose monomers

glycogen

store glucose in animal cells (liver/muscle in humans)short term storage, more branches then starch

cellulose

cell walls (fibre), hard to break apart, not in long strings

chitin

exoskeletons (insect shells)

lipids

fat, butter, oil

lipids nature

insoluble in water (due to non polar bonds), form cell membranes, fat layer beneath skin stores energy

triglycerides

fats and oils

triglycerides monomers

fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains), a glycerol molecule

triglycerides bond name

ester bonds

fatty acids differ in

length and saturation

small enough to move through

bloodstream

fats are ___ at room temp

solid (saturated)

oils are ___ at room temp

liquid (unsaturated)

phospholipids

an added phosphate group to the lipid

proteins

meat, muscle

proteins monomer

amino acids

protein use

vital functions in living organisms, structural and transport molecules, enzymes, hormones, antibodies

protein common groups

amino group and carboxyl group

proteins bonds

peptide bonds, or polypeptide chains

protein function depends on

structure

primary structure

unique sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

coiling or pleating

tertiary structure

overall 3D shape, created as R groups interact

quaternary structure

interactions of multiple polypeptide chains

denaturation

shape change occurring in extreme conditions such as temp or PH fluctuations

nucleotide contents

phosphate group, ribose, nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G, or O)

cells rely on ____

enzymes

enzymes are

proteins that catalyze reactions

every enzyme can bind specifically to

one substrate

enzyme combines with substrate at

active site

when reaction is complete enzyme is

unchanged

enzymes accelerate reactions by

reducing activation energy required

what happens to substrate when enzyme is present

becomes unstable

unstable bonds are

easier to rearrange into a product

foods must be

broken down from polymers

every type of macromolecule has a ___ __that aid with_______

enzymes

hydrolysis

enzyme activity increases with

higher substrate concentrations

certain coenzymes

enzyme activity decreases with

change in temp/PH

inhibitors

inhibitors

molecules that attach to an enzyme, reducing its ability to bind its substrate

bind to the active site

competitive

make enzyme active site change shape

allosteric

which part of the cell starts photosynthesis

chlorophyll by absorbing solar energy

blue green chlorophyll

chlorophyll a

yellow green chlorophyll

chlorophyll b

chloroplasts are found

leaves, stems, and unripened fruit

stroma

protein rich semiliquid material in the interior of a chloroplast

thylakoid

system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs forming a seperate compartment within the stroma

grana/granum

stacks of thylakoids

lamelle/lamella

groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana

thylakoid membrane

the photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains

thylakoid lumen

the fluid filled space inside a thylakoid

photosynthesis occurs

partly in the stroma and partly in the thylakoid membrane

during photosynthesis captured energy is converted to

chemical energy in the bonds of glucose molecules

each molecule of glucose is synthesized by

six carbon dioxide and six water

ATP

principal energy supply molecule for cellular functions

ATP is a ___ source of energy

immediate

ATP is used for which cellular processes

growth and movement

ATP is formed by \`

ADP and P(i) group

NADPH

electron donor, involved in energy transfers

NADP+ accepts

one hydrogen atom and two elections

photosynthesis stage one:

capturing solar energy and transferring to electrons

photosynthesis stage two:

using captured solar energy to make ATP and transfer high energy electrons to NADP+ yeilds NADPH which is then used as a high energy electron carrier molecule

photosynthesis stage three:

using energy stored in ATP and high energy electrons carried by NADPH to form energy rich organic molecules such as glucose from CO2

third stage results in

carbon fixation

light-dependent reactions

first set of reactions in photosynthesis, requires light

light-independent reactions

reactions that don’t require light (stage three)

photosystems

chlorophyll and pigment molecules are found in clusters embedded in the thylakoid membranes

photosystems are responsible for

the capturing of light energy

electron transport chain

electron is removed from photosystem and passed from one molecular complex to another

removed electrons are replaced by

water molecules in photolysis

hydrolysis

water molecules are split into hydrogen ions and oxygen gas

oxidation

when an atom or molecule loses electrons

reduction

when an atom or molecule gains electrons

electron transport chain uses

redox reactions to transport electrons