Zoology Unit 1

protoplasmic grade

bacteria

cellular grade

sponges, algae

cell-tissue grade

cnidaria (jellyfish)

tissue-organ grade

echinoderms (starfish), mollusks (snails), flatworms

organ system grade

annelids (earthworm), arthropods, chordates

epithelial tissue

compact & polarized type of tissue

tight junctions

prevent leakage of extracellular fluid

gap junctions

channels between cells

desmosomes

fasten cells together

simple squamous

lines blood capillaries and lungs

stratified squamous

lines oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, vagina, skin

simple cuboidal

lines small ducts and tubules (kidney)

simple columnar

found on highly absorptive surfaces such as intestinal tract and female reproductive tract; in some organs, cells may be ciliated

stratified columnar

salivary duct, regulating salt levels

pseudostratified epithelium

forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract

exocrine

secrete substance into ducts into epithelial surface

endocrine

secrete substance into bloodstream

endothelium

lining of blood and lymph nodes

mesothelium

lining of cavities

peritoneal cavities

contain abdomen and pelvic area

pleural cavities

chest cavity

collagenous fibers

thick but flexible and unbranched

reticular fibers

thin, branched, and forms networks

elastic fibers

branched and stretchable, rubbery

chondroitin sulfate

fillers between cells in connective tissue

fibrous connective tissues

form tendons and ligaments

loose connective tissue

binds epithelia to underlying tissue and functions as packing material

adipose tissue

store fuel as fat

hyaline cartilage

covers joint surfaces and rib ends, respiratory tract; skeletal cartilage of adult sharks and rays and embryos

fibrocartilage

found in invertebral disks and absorbs compression shock

elastic cartilage

found in the external ear, eustachian tube (connects throat to middle ear) , and epiglottis

hydroxyapatite

hard mineral that combines with collagen which makes bone harder

55% plasma 45% blood cells

composition of blood

plasma

carries cellular waste

platelets

help in blood clotting

muscle fiber cells

cells in muscle tissue

neuron

functional unit of nervous tissue

dendrite

transmit nerve impulse

motor efferent pathway

signals from brain to muscles

sensory afferent pathway

signals toward the brain

interneuron

local connections between neighboring neurons

saprophagus

feed on decaying matter e.g. woodlice, cockroach, beetle, red ant

suspension feeder

sifts through food particles using gill rakers/baleen plates

deposit feeder

eats its way through dirt and extracts decaying matter

substrate feeder

lives on food source and eats its way through it

fluid feeder

use straw to feed off host

bulk feeder

eats large portions of food

complete digestive system

has mouth opening and anus

incomplete digestive system

only one opening e.g hydra & paramecium

alimentary canal

lumen of intestine

gastrovascular cavity

site of digestive for hydra & flatworm

intracellular digestion

digestion occurs within the cells in protozoa and sponges

extracellular digestion

cells lining alimentary canals

salivary amylase

enzyme in oral cavity

carbohydrates

macromolecule broken down in oral cavity

bolus

food passing through esophagus

chyme

food passing through stomach

pepsin

enzyme in stomach

proteins

macromolecule broken down in stomach

pepsinogen and HCl

need to activate pepsin

chyle

food passing through small interstine

liver

manufactures bile and process nutrients into forms that is easier for the body to use

gallbladder

stores and secretes bile

bile salts

break down fatty macromolecules

pancreas

secretes inactive trypsinogen, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase

enteropeptidase

interacts with trypsinogen to activate other enzymes

trypsinogen, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

enzymes manufactures by pancreas

proteins

macromolecule broken down by pancreatic enzymes

bloodstream

destination for amino acids and sugars

lymphatic system

destination for fats

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

regions of small intestine

Bruner's glands

produce mucus-rich alkaline to protect against duodenum from acid

Peyer's patches

contain WBC to fight of pathogens in the ileum

large intestine

recovers water

rectum

storage site of fecal matter

plasma membrane

integument of unicellular organisms (amoeba, paramecium)

pellicle

thick protein coat above the plasma membrane for mechanical support

simple columnar epithelium

tissue type of invertebrate epidermis

stratified squamous epithelium

tissue type of vertebrate epidermis

procuticle

above the epidermis, has protein, chitin, and calcium salts to contribute to hardness

sclerotization

cross-linking of proteins to form a highly resistant and insoluble protein

calcification

deposition of calcium salts in the procuticle, makes up the shell

molting

replacing the exoskeleton during devellopment

dermis

spongy layer in the skin that contains blood vessels & glands

keratinization

outer layer of cells are displaced by new cells underneath

cornified cells

highly resistant to abrasion and water diffusion

stratum corneum and basement membrane

top and bottom layer of epidermis

matrix

site of keratinization in hair/nail

sebaceous glands

secretes sebum which moistens hair and waterproofs skin

eccrine sweat glands

secretes water, salts, and wastes to regulate temperature, found in hairless regions

apocrine sweat glands

involved in the production of pheromones, found in hairy regions

ceruminous glands

secretes earwax to protect the ear canal from microbes

mammary glands

secretes milk

hydrostatic skeleton

skeletal system that relies on a fluid-filled source

coelom

compartments of earthworm

echinoderms

possess both an endoskeleton and exoskeleton

notochord

gives rise to spinal cord

hyaline cartilage

cartilage present in notochord

endochondrial ossification

develops in cartilage and is replaced with bone

intramembranous bone

development of face, cranial bones and clavicle