Comparitive final

The heart of a shark has two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle.

True

Blood in a shark is pumped from the ventricle into the sinus venosus.

False

The heart of a frog has three chambers, two atria and a ventricle.

True

The body temperature of a frog is always the same, thus it is warm blooded.

False

The human heart, and that of Snowdon the cat, has four chambers, two atria and two ventricles.

True

Oxygen rich blood enters the right atrium; oxygen poor blood enters the left atrium.

False

The human heart has four valves, one being the mitral valve is between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

True

The epicardium is the internal of the three layers of the heart of a human and that of a cat.

False

The myocardium, the middle muscular layer of the heart, pumps blood through the heart.

True

Blood constitutes about 8% of body mass in a human.

True

The kidney of a cat is external to the parietal peritoneum, thus it is retroperitoneal.

True

The left ureter drains urine from the bladder to a left kidney.

False

The final stage in the development of the mammalian kidney is the archinephros.

False

The kidneys in humans are multilobar, meaning that each one has several pyramids.

True

The basic unit of function in the mammalian kidney is the neuron.

False

The urethra in a human female drains both urine and eggs to the outside of the body.

False

The pelvis of a human kidney collects urine which then passes into the ureter.

True

Bowman’s Capsule is part of the basic unit of function, the nephron, in a human kidney.

True

The glomerulus is a network of arteries in in Bowman’s capsule of a nephron in a kidney.

False

Urine is mostly water plus an array of waste products.

True

The myometrium is the external muscular layer in the uterus.

False

Fertilization occurs in the female fallopian tube.

True

The fundus is the uppermost aspect of the uterus.

True

The process of egg cell development is known as ontogeny.

False

The opening to the birth canal in a female mammal is the vaginal orifice.

True

Cats and dogs have an estrous cycle rather than a menstrual cycle.

True

The endometrium is the middle layer of the uterus.

False

Eggs develop in an ovary in a female vertebrate.

True

The human species is characterized by gonochoristic reproduction.

True

The isthmus is part of the vagina.

False

Sperm cell production is known as spermatogenesis.

True

The human male has a prostate gland.

True

The human male has a gland known as a seminal vesicle.

True

The second stage in spermatogenesis is the spermatogonium.

False

The tubular exit for semen and urine in a male mammal in separate functions, is the urethra.

True

Erection in many mammal species results from engorgement by blood (= hydrostatic pressure).

True

The corona is not part of the penis of a male.

False

The penis is the male copulatory organ.

True

Each testis descends from the body cavity through the inguinal canal into the scrotal sac.

True

The failure of a testis to descend through the inguinal canal is known as cryptorchidism.

True

Motor neurons conduct impulses from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles.

True

Sensory neurons conduct impulses from receptors to the central nervous system.

True

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in humans.

True

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves in humans.

True

The main part of the brain that is responsible for intelligence in humans is the cerebrum.

True

The medulla of the brain is continuous with the spinal cord.

True

A stimulus is an environmental change detectable by the nervous system.

True

A nerve cell is technically known as a nephron.

False

The nervous configuration that explains an involuntary response is a reflex arc.

True

The arbor vitae is part of the cerebrum.

False

The male hormone produced Leydig cells in the testes is

testosterone

Subsequent to (= after) fertilization the first several cell divisions from the zygote are known as 

Cleavage

The midventral column of tissue in the penis that surrounds the male urethra is the

Corpus Sponglosum

The external reproductive structures in a human female are collectively known as the

vulva (= external genitalia)

Erection of the penis in a male mammal, without a baculum bone, is a result of

hydrostatic (= blood) pressure

Which of these structures in the human female is the homolog (= equivalent) of the male scrotum

labia majora

This structure is removed during surgical circumcision in a human male

Prepuce (= foreskin)

The cranial nerves mainly innervate (= provide a nerve supply to) the

special sense organs

The ‘textbook’ average length of the human female menstrual cycle is

28 Days

As far as we can determine, humans are the only animals possessing knowledge based

self awareness

A disease in which blood clot formation is inadequate (= flawed) is

Hemophilia

Which group of craniates (= vertebrates) is characterized by a two-chambered heart

Fishes

The textbook number for the day of ovulation (= release of an egg) in the human female menstrual cycle is

Day 14

The beginning of a reflex response is when stimuli are applied to

sensory receptors

Machine cleansing of the blood in a person with kidney failure is known as

dialysis

When substances mineralize in the pelvis of a kidney and then block the ureter it is called a 

kidney stone (made of either uric acid or calcium)

Sperm cells are produced in which of these male structures

seminiferous tubules in the testes

Which of these terms indicate two male reproductive structures rather than one structure

testes

This part of the brain is continuous with the spinal cord. 

medulla oblongata

Which of the following initiates each heart beat (= each cardiac cycle)

sinoatrial node (= pacemaker)

Specifically, the heart, of either a human or a cat, is located in this body cavity subdivision.

pericardial cavity

Blood in arteries that supply the heart musculature eventually empties into this heart chamber.

right atrium

Blood actually enters which of these chambers from the pulmonary arteries

left atrium

In the context of histology (= tissue structure), the surface layer of the heart is the 

epicardium

In the blood pressure readings 110/70 and 120/80, is the upper or lower number diastolic

lower number

The non-conducting supportive cells in the nervous system of a craniate (= vertebrate) are known as the

neuroglia

Which of these combinations describes a multipolar neuron (= nerve cell)

cells with dendrite(s), a cell body, and an axon.

Early development of the nervous system is known as the process of 

Neurulation

What is the structural basis of an involuntary nervous response such as blinking of the eyes

reflex response via a reflex arc.

Smooth muscle and glandular tissue are innervated (= provided a nerve supply) by the

autonomic nervous system

The part of the skull that surrounds the brain is the bony or cartilaginous

cranium

The part of the brain that functions in memory and reasoning in humans is (are) the

cerebrum (= cerebral hemispheres).

Which of these neurons conduct impulses from receptors to the central nervous system

sensory neuron

The lining of the human hearts is the 

endocardium

This tissue in a developing craniate produces the kidneys? 

nephrogenic mesoderm

Among the processes listed under mechanisms of kidney function, the first stage is

filtration

This process (first stage of kidney function) is driven by

blood pressure

The term which indicates the location of each kidney is

retroperitoneal

The third and last stage of kidney function is

tubular secretion

This process (the third stage of kidney function) involves movement of 

waste materials from the peritubular capillary network into kidney tubules

The male homolog (= equivalent) of the female clitoris is the

penis

The only period of time when a mare (= female horse) will stand for a stallion is during the

period of estrus in the estrous cycle

Progesterone is a hormone produced in the human female ovary by the

corpus luteum

Which of these arteries distribute blood to cardiac muscle of the heart?

coronary arteries

Blood from the left ventricle actually enters which of these vessels

aorta

The heart of a shark has what number of chambers

two

The heart of a salamander or frog has what number of chambers

three

A human cardiac cycle is initiated by the sinoatrial node (= pacemaker) followed by

stimulation of atrioventricular node

A detectable change in either the external or internal environment is a 

stimulus

Behavior that is possible without a learning period is said to be

hard-wired (= instinctive)