KINS 4070 Test 3

Cardiorespiratory, Acid-Base, and Thermoregulation

What is the main purpose of the cardiorespiratory system?

To take in oxygen for energy and release CO2

What are the 3 main layers of the heart wall?

Pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

What is the pericardium (epicardium)?

Protective outer layer of the heart

What is the muscle layer of the heart that generates contractions?

Myocardium

What is the endocardium?

Inner layer where blood actually touches

How many chambers does the heart have?

4

What are the four chambers of the heart?

R and L atrium, L and R ventricles

What are the two atrioventricular valves called?

tricuspid and bicuspid

What are the two semilunar valves called?

pulmonary and aortic

The 5 major vessels in the heart are the…

pulmonary trunk, R and L pulmonary arteries, R and L pulmonary veins, aorta, and sup/inf vena cava

Arteries carry blood ____ the heart.

away from

Veins carry blood ___ the heart.

to

The pumonary circuit is when blood goes from…

the right atrium to the lungs, then comes back to the left side of the heart

The systemic circuit is when blood goes from…

the left side of the heart to the body tissues, and back to the right side of the heart

What is the main purpose of the valves in the heart?

to prevent backflow of blood from the chambers

What do capillaries connect?

arteries and veins

Capillaries are the _____ blood vessels.

smallest

What is coronary circulation responsible for?

delivering blood to the myocardium

Regular exercise has been shown to ___ the risk of heart disease.

reduce

Regular exercise has also been shown to reduce the amount of damage done to the heart if a person experiences a ______.

heart attack

Blood and air both flow down a…

pressure gradient

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

systole and diastole

What happens during systole?

heart contracts and pushes blood out

During systole, the pressure…

goes up becuase the arteries expand

What happens during diastole?

Heart relaxes and blood comes back to the heart

During diastole, the pressure…

goes down because the arteries shrink

Primary hypertension refers to high blood pressure due to…

an unknown reason

Secondary hypertension refers to high blood pressure due to…

a known condition

What is pulse pressure?

the difference between your systole and diastole pressures

What is mean arterial pressure?

The average pressure of the arteries

How is mean arterial pressure calculated?

diastole pressure plus 1/3 of the pulse pressure

• diameter of a vessel

• viscosity of blood

• volume of blood

• peripheral resistance

factors affecting blood pressure

What is the biggest differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers?

Cardiac fibers branch, are almost exclusively aerobic, contracts involuntarily, intercalated discs

We spend more time in ___.

diastole

What is the initial source of the action potenial that makes the heart contract?

electrical stimulus from the sinoatrial node

The SA node is also known as the…

pacemaker of the heart

What chamber is the SA node in?

right atrium

What are the main componenets an ECG wave?

P wave, QRS complex, T wave

What happens during a P wave?

atrial depolarization in the SA node

What happens during the QRS complex?

ventricular depolarization

What happens during a T wave?

Ventricular repolarization

Cardiac output is the amount of blood….

you can pump out in one minute

Stoke volume is how much blood…

you pump out each time your heart beats

What are the two main systems that affect heart rate?

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

What are some factors that affect stroke volume?

preload, afterload, and contractility

What is preload?

End-diastolic volume when the heart is relaxed and fills with blood

What is afterload?

the amount of resistance from the arterial vasculature

Contractility is…

how hard the muscles of the heart can contract

Blood always flows from ___ to ___ pressure.

higher, lower

What are some factors that affect resistance of blood flow?

length of a vessel, blood viscosity, radius of a vessel

Flow formula

F=change in pressure/resistance

• Increased heart rate

• Increased stroke volume

• Redistribution of bloof flow

• Increased A-V O2 difference

four mechanisms that lead to increase in oxygen delivery

How does redistribution of blood flow lead to increase in O2 delivery?

Blood starts going mostly to the muscles

How does increased A-V O2 difference lead to increase in O2 delivery?

Increases the amount of oxygen taken up by the muscles. More oxygen extracted from the blood.

What is double product?

Asseses how hard the heart the heart is working and is found by multiplying heart rate and systolic blood pressure

What happens to cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate at the beginning, middle, and end of exercise?

They all increase at the beginning, plateau during, and decrease afterwards.

Cardiovascular adjustments rise and fall _____ for trained individuals.

quicker

Systolic blood pressure goes ____ during exercise.

up

Diastolic blood pressure ____ during exercise.

doesn’t change

Cardiovascuar drift is the…

progressive increase in heart rate in response to stroke volume falling off.

Visceral pleural membrane covers…

the outer surface of the lungs

Parietal pleural membrane lines…

the walls of the lungs

The conducting zone refers to…

airflow in and out fo the lungs, not inclueding the gas exchange

The respiratory zone refers to…

the area where gas exchange happens

Airflow in and out of your lungs is known as ____.

ventilation

In order for air to enter our lungs, there must be a ____ gradient.

pressure

The pressure that has to do with breathing is explained by ___ law.

Boyle’s

The rate of air flow depends on the ____ and ____ in the airways.

pressure and resistance

The smaller the airways, the ___ it is for air to get through.

harder

The greater the pressure gradient, the ____ the flow.

greater

The greater the resistance, the ____ the flow.

less

Breathing frequency is…

number of breaths per minute

Minute ventilarion is the measurement of…

air that comes into the lung per minute

Inspiratory reserve volume is the…

extra air we can breathe in above our normal tidal volume

Expiratory reserve volume is the…

extra air we can breathe out below our tidal volume

The combination of tidal, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve volumes. The total amount of air your lungs can move in one breath.

Vital capacity

Residual volume refers to the…

air left in your lungs after a maximal expiration

Total lung capacity is the total amount of air that your lungs can ____.

hold

What is the main respiratory control center in the brain?

medualla oblongata

What part of the brain regulates breath depth and frequency?

pons

Nervous input pays attention to ____ acitivity and can lead to changes in breathing.

muscle

Chemical input pays attention to ____ levels and can lead to changes in breathing.

chemical

Partial pressure is the amount of pressure…

being exerted by a gas

What is the main way oxygen is transported in the blood?

hemoglobin

The O2-Hb dissociation curve illustrates…

hemoglobin soaking up and letting go of oxygen based on the concentration of oxygen

The O2-Hb dissociation curve shows the relationship between…

PO2 and oxyhemoglobin saturation

The Bohr effect occurs when…

hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen due to lower pH and CO2 levels

What is the main way CO2 is transported in the blood?

Bicarbonate

About ____ of CO2 soaks into the plasma

10%

About ___ of CO2 hops on hemoglobin during gas exchange and rides it back.

20%

When we produce more carbon dioxide, our ventilation will…

increase because we need to get rid of CO2

The less oxygen we produce…

the more we have to breathe to get levels back up

Ventilatory threshold is…

the point in exercise when ventilation increases quickly due to increased intensity

Ventilation tends to drift upwards over time when exercising in a hot environment because…

our temperature regulation mechanisms are being affected by increasein body temperature

Cardiac output is abbreviated with the letter…

Q

Myoglobin refers to the…

oxygen in the muscles

Myoglobin has a much stronger affinity when oxygen levels are ____.

low

Acids are compounts that release…

hydrogen ions when put in water

Bases are compounds that release…

hydroxide ions when put in water

What is the normal homeostatic pH level for humans?

7.4