apush chapter 1-4

Tenochtitlan

capital of the aztec empire (now mexico); one of the largest citites in the world. City attactions were comparable to Europe's capitals "An enchanted vision

Aztec

Empire that was native to the south borders of now America; developed in tech compared to civilization in N.A. (scale, grandeur, centralized organization)

mound builders

Natives in N.A. built large communities centered on series of mounds; used as commercial and governmental centers for trade (Louisiana)

- half way across the continent, natives were building similar mounds

Cahokia

the largest Native American urban center in the Mississippi River Valley in what is now the U.S.

Great League of Peace

Made by five Iroquois people (Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onodaga) in present day PA and NY to unite the area and bring stability; five groups met to coordinate dealings with outsiders

Native's opinions on land and gender

land: the basis of economic life for both hunting and farming; a common resource that everyone owned the right to use

- no real estate market before europeans

gender: clans and kinship groups of kids belong to the mothers'; female elders choose male leaders and take part in tribal meetings (seniority); women responsible for home and agriculture while men hunt

-women owned dwellings that husbands moved into; premarital and divorce is okay

Zheng He

man who led a convoy of ships larger than any European nation (62 ships) in the Indian Ocean to show off China; explored the coast of East Africa

caravel

a ship capable of long-distance travel; made it possible for Portuguese to sail down the coast of Africa and back

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer who believed he could travel "quickly" to India by sail westward.

-unknowing of the two continents in the west and the Earth's size

-struggled to find sponsors

reconquista

reconquest held by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain from African Muslims (Moors) who occupied part of the Iberian Peninsula

John Cabot

A merchant travelling from England who reached Newfoundland in 1497 where it became an active fishing region for France, Spain, and England

conquistadores

People in search of wealth, national glory, and the desire to spread Catholicism who explored outward from Hispaniola and were the first to see the Pacific Ocean (Vasco Nunez de Balboa)

Hernan Cortes

first explorer to encounter a major American civilization (Aztec)

-conquered tenochtitlan and saw aztecs as barbarians despite violence in Europe

Columbian Exchange

the transatlantic flow of goods and people that altered millions of years of evolution; mixed plants, animals, and cultures that evolved on separate continents;

Old: wheat, rice, sugarcane, farm cattle

New: corn, tomato, potato, peanut, tobacco, cotton

Europeans brought GERMS

creoles

persons born in the colonies of European ancestry

haciendas

large scale farms worked on by indians to fuel spanish-amerca empire's wealth; owned by spanish landlords

metizos

persons of mixed origin in spanish america; resulted from intermarriages being approved because of low numbers of spanish women; large part of spanish america and repopulated wiped out cities; resulted in hybrid culture of spanish, indian, and some african

Virgin of Guadalupe

a reported vision of Virgin Mary as a dark-skinned Indian; miracles reported and shrines built for her

Despite mixture of culture, Spanish america still had distinct religion, language, and government

- symbol of the mix and later of modern nation, mexico

Bartolome de las casas

Dominican Priest who denounced Spain for causing deaths of millions of Indians using "strange cruelties" in his "A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies"

- believed in the idea of Indians being rational. "the entire human race is one" but argued importing african slaves to protect indian life

encomienda vs repartimiento

-First social system in South America, Native Americans worked for Spanish explorers

-Second system where residents are legally free and entitled to wages, but have to work for Spanish a required amount per year

-both participants of each believed to be human and denounced the other

Black Legend

the image of Spain as a uniquely exploitative colonizer;

potent justification for other european powers to do the same and even challenge spain in the new world

Hernando de soto

leader of expedition group whose men raped, tortured, enslaved, and transmitted diseases to comminities in the southwest and gulf region; left nothing of large cities when other explorers backward traced

St. Augustine, Florida

the first site in the continental United States that were continuously inhabited by European settlers

-Spain sent to colonize and destroy an outpost created by Huguenots

-failed to attract settlers and remains an isolated military settlement

Santa Fe, NM

capital of New Mexico, and the first permanent European settlement in the Southwest

Pueblo Revolt

what: a coordinated uprising against the Spanish colonizers and missionarys led by pope; organized 2000 warriors that destroyed a century of colonization

why: forced labor and religious and cultural erasure among the Indians

after: complete victory, but short-lasting as war between villages broke out and were left vulnerable

Quebec

First land founded by the French in the New World

Explorer Samuel de Champlain

indentured servants

migrants that were contracted to migrate to New France by well-respected nobles and appointed officials

-most went home after the end of their contract

New France

French land in the New World mostly formed along St. Lawrence, Miss., Ohio Rivers

-Not appealing to French and more of a punishment for criminals "ice-box... land of savage Indians"

middle ground

A region in the Great Lakes where French Americans and Indians encountered each other on a basis of relative equality; considerable culture exchange

Henry Hudson

Dutch Englishman who sailed into New York Harbor

looking for a route to Asia -> instead found fur trade and claimed the land for netherlands

New Amsterdam

military outpost controlled by Dutch despite freedom reputation where colonists enjoyed religious christian liberty; slaves and women possessed rights

borderlands

meeting places of peoples where geographical and cultural borders are not clearly defined; culture mixture never had any single pattern

Virginia Company

Sponsors for the voyage for Jamestown

Jamestown

founded during peak of Europe involvement in american; interest from national and religious rivalries and an eager merchant class

Roanoke Colony (Lost colony)

A failed and abandoned colony where its habitants moved to live with the Indians because of lack of planning and economic resources

enclosure movement

a movement where landlords evicted small farmers and fenced off land open to all; to grow their trade in wool; caused job loss and a social crisis

John Smith

man who landed in Virginia in 1607 who wrote ,"every man may be the master and owner of his own labor and land"

-attracted the largest number of English colonists

Headright system

policies that switched virgian company to a society that awarded 50 acres of land to any colonist who paid for their own passage; applied to bringing family and servants

House of Burgesses

the first elected assembly in colonial america; a switch from John Smith's "iron rule"; only freemen could vote and governors could nullify and measures adopted

Tobacco

viriginia's substitute for gold; "get rich quick" and demand for field labor

Maryland

established as a proprietary colony controlled by Cecilvus Calvert; "a full free and absolute power" -proprietor; assembly confined to "yes or no" and people shouldnt meddle

proprietary colony

a grant of land and government authority to a single individual; root of conflict in maryland

Puritans

England protestants who shared the beliefs of England with a hatred of Catholicism; predestination and NO religious authority

Separatists

a minority of puritans who broke off from the church of england and formed independent churches that pursued puritan MINDSET

pilgrims

First puritans to arrive in America; were a group of separatists

Plymouth Colony

where settlers on the Mayflower resided after being blown off course from England hundreds of miles north from virginia

Mayflower compact

an agreement where 41 adult men at plymouth agreed to obey, "just and equal laws" enacted by representatives of their own choosing

Massachusetts Bay Colony

settlement that overshadowed Plymouth and was founded by a group of london merchants to pursue the pruitan cause and turn profit through indian trade

John Wintrhop

distinguished "Natural" liberty and "moral" liberty: freedom to only do good

New England town and government

enforcing a community that lacked individualism and required school to percieve the bible; government ruling without interference from non puritans

Roger Williams

person who aimed to strengthen religion in MA by insisting "Soul liberty" required individuals to be allowed to follow their concious; government interference weakened genuine religious faith

Rhode Island

Where roger Williams and his followers established a new colony after being banished from MA

-no established church

-no religious qualifications for voting

-no church requirement

-more democratic

caused other religious people disagreements in MA to establish colonies

Dissenters

protestants who belonged in denominations other than the established church; often resided at Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson

woman who called out MA's government for hypocrisy in Puritans leader

Pequot War

conflict caused by the death of a fur trader by his indian suppliers; led to the powerful tribe becoming exterminated or sold to slavery; convinced other natives that new settlement cannot be opposed

Halfway covenant

halfway membership for grandchildren of people from the great migration;

-solved the issue of choice for the puritan church; between upholding standards of the church or admission to church becomes easier

English liberty

Magna Carta: protection against arbitrary imprisonment and seizure of one's property w/o due process law

-the king was subject to the rule of law and people enjoy security of person and property

English Civil War

War between Parliament and monarchy caused monarch posing a threat to magna carta and englishmen's freedom

The levellers

History's first democratic political movement from England that wrote a constitution (the agreement of the people)

Maryland Toleration Act

Act that institutionalized the principle of "free excerise" of religion for Christians in a colony struggling from conflict within government between the Catholic proprietor and protestant assembly who were pro parliament

New Philip's War

conflict in southern new england in 1675 that produced broadening freedom for english at the cost of indian civilization in the region

mercantilism

economic regulation by government to promote national power

Navigation Act

cromwell rule that aimed to wrestle control of world trade from dutch to profit from everywhere;cromwell wanted all english profit and wanted goods to be sent to england from america then bought

Iroquis Confederacy

assisted in clearing native tribes in new york and helped british against french/indian; claimed authority over native communities

william penn

proprietor of pennsylvania and envisioned a place of apiritual freedom colonist and indian harmony based on quaker ideals

Quakers and "Inner light"

liberty= universal entitlement; strict code of personal morality

Pennsylvania

Place of "freemen" and voters, but attraction disrupted Indian peace