AP 2 lab: brain and cranial nerves

meninges

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

pia mater

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

arachnoid mater

middle layer of the meninges

spinal cord

Nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

arbor vitae

white matter of the cerebellum

cerebellar peduncles

connect the cerebellum to the brainstem

cerebral peduncles

contain fibers that carry motor output from cerebrum to other regions of CNS

midbrain

mesencephalon

corpora quadrigemina

located in the midbrain; contains reflex centers for vision and auditory reflexes.

superior colliculus

receives visual sensory input

inferior colliculus

a midbrain nucleus in the auditory pathway

pineal gland

secretes melatonin

hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

mammillary bodies

a protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system

thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

intermediate mass

connection between the two thalami across the third ventricle

fornix

a fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

basal nuclei

islands of gray matter buried within the white matter

gyrus

A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface.

sulcus

narrow groove

gray matter

Brain and spinal cord tissue that appears gray with the naked eye; consists mainly of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) and lacks myelinated axons.

white matter

myelinated axons

longitudinal fissure

separates cerebral hemispheres

lateral cerebral sulcus

separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

frontal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.

occipital lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

insula

regions of cortex located at the junction of the frontal and temporal lobes

primary visual cortex

the region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system

primary motor cortex

the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement

primary somatosensory cortex

the region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system

primary auditory area

part of the temporal lobe in which auditory information is first registered

choroid plexus

produces CSF

lateral ventricles

A set of paired ventricles lying within the cerebral hemispheres.

third ventricles

located in the diencephalon

cerebral aqueduct

connects the third and fourth ventricles

fourth ventricle

the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon

superior saggital sinus

A venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the corpus callosum, between the two cerebral hemispheres.

arachnoid villi

structures that return cerebrospinal fluid to the venous blood in the dural sinuses

olfactory bulbs

areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells

olfactory tracts

carry sensory input about smell

olfactory nerves

sense of smell

optic nerves

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

optic chiasm

point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain

optic tract

How information from the optic nerve travels to the thalamus.

oculomotor nerves

The third pair of cranial nerves, which innervate all the extrinsic muscles of the eye except the lateral rectus and the superior oblique muscles, and which innervate the elevator muscle of the upper eyelid, the ciliary muscle, and the sphincter muscle of the pupil.

trochlear nerves

The fourth pair of cranial nerves, which innervate the superior oblique muscles of the eyeballs.

trigeminal nerves

The fifth pair of cranial nerves, each of which has three major branches; they conduct motor signals from the brain to the muscles involved in chewing, and sensory signals from the same muscles and from other parts of the face to the brain.

abducens

eye movement

facial nerves

Motor and sensory nerves and helps with facial expression and salivary glands.

vestibulocochlear nerves

The eighth pair of cranial nerves, which carry sensory signals from the inner ear to brain; one branch carries sensory signals from the organs of balance (i.e., from the vestibular organs), and the other branch carries sensory signals from the organs of hearing (i.e., from the cochlea).

glossopharyngeal nerves

taste and swallowing, IX

vagus nerves

Cranial nerve pair X. The vagus nerves are very large mixed nerves (They carry both sensory input and motor input) that innervate virtually every visceral organ. They are especially important in transmitting parasympathetic input to the heart and digestive smooth muscle.

accessory nerves

11th pair of cranial nerves that supply the sternocleidomastoid muscle, traps, and swallowing muscles. Damage may result in turning of the head to one side and impaired ability to shrug shoulder (traps). Motor

hypoglossal nerve

tongue movement, XII

olfactory foramina

holes in cribriform plate

optic foramen

On either side ochiasmatic groove -transmits optic nerve (CN II) along with its meningeal coverings, and the ophthalmic artery

superior orbital fissure

Name this opening of the sphenoid bone.

foramen ovale

connects the two atria in the fetal heart

foramen rotundum

Name this foramen.

internal auditory meatus

Passageway for nerves and vessels that supply the ear.

jugular foramen

CN IX, X, XI, superior bulb of internal jugular, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sunuses, meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries pass through

stylomastoid foramen

facial nerve

hypoglossal foramen

hypoglossal canal

autonomic

involuntary

sympathetic motor

Ganglia located in chains alongside the spinal cord.

parasympathetic motor

Ganglia located in or near target organs. Main nerve is vagus nerve.

ischemia

an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.

sudomotor

Changes in sweat pattern

sinus arythmia

when you note when heart rate increases in inspiration and decreases with expiration. A split S2 is very common/normal finding

Mediastinum

area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea

Fibrous pericardium

tough, white fibrous connective tissue that is the outer layer of the pericardium

serous pericardium

thinner, more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart

parietal pericardium

outer layer of the pericardium

visceral pericardium

(epicardium) covers the heart

myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

base of heart

top of the heart

apex of heart

lower tip of the heart

atrium

upper chamber of the heart

ventricle

lower chamber of the heart

coronary sulcus

groove that marks border between atria and ventricles

anterior interventricular sulcus

marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly

posterior interventricular sulcus

marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly

ascending aorta

Branches off the left ventricle; carries oxygen rich blood to parts of the body above the heart

aortic arch

a curved blood vessel from which arteries branch to the head and neck.

descending aorta

the descending part of the aorta that branches into the thoracic and abdominal aortae

pulmonary trunk

carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries

pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs

pulmonary viens

The blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart

inferior vena cava

A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm.

superior vena cava

A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.

brachiocephalic vein

Either of the veins formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins above the heart. Carries deoxygenated blood to right atrium of heart through the anterior vena cava