Brain Bee Chapter 12

These factors combine to cause depression (want 3 of 4)

• genes

• biological risk factors

• environmental triggers

• psychological influences

This exact percentage of U.S. adults is affected by panic disorder

2.7%

Roughly half of people with panic disorders also have these disorders or illnesses (want 3 of 5, looking for specific names not groups)

• depression

• bipolar disorder

• OCD

• phobias

• schizophrenia

Of the ~7% of American adults who experience a major depression episode in the past year, this percentage are likely to be female

70%

This is currently thought to be the most effective treatment for PTSD

Cognitive behavior therapy

Up to 1/3 of people with this psychiatric disorder do not respond to treatment at all

Bipolar disorder

The levels of these hormones and neurotransmitters are affected in people with PTSD (2 out of 3)

• cortisol

• norepinephrine

• serotonin

OCD has these two characteristic symptoms (want both, either form)

• uncontrollable, repeating thoughts (obsessions)

• repeated, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions)

Schizophrenia usually appears between these two ages (want both)

15 and 25

The term for symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and confused thinking

positive

These drugs are the primary drugs used for panic disorder (abbreviation or full)

SSRIs

Drugs for schizophrenia which suppress serotonin activity seem to help with this type of symptom

negative

These resilience factors are protective for psychiatric disorders (want 3 of 4)

• strong support system (family and friends)

• good coping skills

• physically active

• involvement in a range of activities

This neurotransmitter acts like a “brake pedal” on neurons (abbreviation or full name)

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

About this percent of people with OCD obtain limited relief with medication

70

This brain region helps to conduct habits and is implicated in OCD

Basal ganglia

Most antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia work by doing this

damping the dopamine response

nearly 90% of people with schizophrenia do this

smoke cigarettes

depression appears to disrupt this brain region

hypothalamus

currently approved antidepressant medications raise the levels of these neurotransmitters (2 of 3)

• norepinephrine

• serotonin

• dopamine

These used to be the standard medication for anxiety

Benzodiazepines

These two characteristics distinguish a mood disorder from normal mood fluctuations (want both)

• longer lasting

• independent of your context

Major depression is characterized by these criteria persisting for at least 2 weeks (4 out of 5 = clinical definition)

• feeling empty or sad

• loss of appetite

• irritability

• problems with sleep

• changes in appetite or weight

This group of disorders is the most common in America

Anxiety disorders

Uncontrollable anxiety is the common thread in these 3 psychiatric disorders (want all 3)

• PTSD

• OCD

• panic attacks

This therapeutic approach is used for OCD patients who do not respond to standard drug or behavioral treatments

Deep Brain Stimulation

This aspect of PTSD makes it somewhat unique among psychiatric disorders

It has a well defined cause

These brain regions are affected in people with PTSD (2 out of 3)

• hippocampus (smaller)

• PFC/prefrontal cortex (smaller)

• amygdala (overactive)

Over this many “misspellings” have been identified in the DNA of people with schizophrenia

100

These drugs are under development for treating PTSD (2 of 3)

• cannabinoids

• glutamate

• oxytocin