PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

maladaptive

anything that interfere's with a person's ability to have a normal day-to-day life

medical model

concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured, often through treatment in a hospital

DSM-5

American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

anxiety disorder

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

generalized anxiety disorder

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

panic attack

sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying

phobia

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

social anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

agoraphobia

anxiety disorder characterized by marked fear and avoidance of being alone in a place from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Anxiety disorder characterized by persistent and uncontrollable thoughts and irrational beliefs that cause the performance of compulsive rituals that interfere with daily life.

obsession

A persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring

compulsion

repetitive behavior or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

persistent depressive disorder

mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

schizophrenia

A psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

delusion

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

delusion of persecution

false belief that one is being mistreated, abused or harassed

hallucination

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus (most frequently auditory)

word salad

Incoherent mixture of words, phrases, and sentences

catatonia

a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate

positive symptoms

Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas.

negative symptoms

Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech.

dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system; too much is associated with schizophrenia

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

personality disorder

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

avoidant personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

characterized by a general pattern of concern with orderliness, perfectionism, excessive attention to details, mental and interpersonal control, and a need for control over one's environment, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency

schizoid personality disorder

withdrawn and not bothered by lack of social relationships; common to have inappropriate or flat emotional responses

narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

borderline personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

psychotherapy

Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

psychoanalysis

A lengthy insight therapy that was developed by Freud and aims at uncovering conflicts and unconscious impulses through special techniques, including free association, dream analysis, and transference.

abnormal behavior

Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.

deviant

Abnormal behavior is atypical or statistically unusual.

maladaptive

behavior or characteristic disrupts the person's ability to lead a satisfying life, interfering with one's ability to function effectively in the world

distress

e person engaging in the behavior finds it troubling

medical model

view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin

biological approach

attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes. This perspective primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality

psychological approach

emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders.

Sociocultural Approach

emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives, including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family relationships, and culture.

biopsychosocial model

From the biopsychosocial perspective, biological, psychological, and social factors are all significant ingredients in producing abnormal behavior

vulnerability-stress hypothesis (diathesis-stress model)

theory holding that preexisting conditions (genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, experiences, and so on) put an individual at risk of developing a psychological disorder.

DSM-5

major classification of psychological disorders in the United States

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

defined as bodily symptoms that are either very distressing or that interfere with a person's functioning along with excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors about those symptoms

comorbidity

means that person has two or more disorders at the same time.

risk factors

characteristics, experiences, or exposures that increase the likelihood of a person developing a disorder; are correlated with the development of a disorder.

psychotherapy

nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.

etiology

cause of disease

anxiety disorder

Disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts.

generalized anxiety disorder

different from such everyday feelings of anxiety in that sufferers experience persistent anxiety for at least six months and are unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety

etiology of GAD

genetic predisposition, deficiency in the neurotransmitter GABA

GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter

panic disorder

person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

panic attack

produce severe palpitations, extreme shortness of breath, chest pains, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a feeling of helplessness

etiology of panic disorder

biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

lactate

plays a role in brain metabolism, has been found to be elevated in individuals with panic disorder

specific phobia

psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation

social anxiety disorder

An intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations

obsessive-compulsive disorder

features anxietyprovoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation

obsession

recurrent thoughts.

compulsion

recurrent behaviors

hoarding disorder

involves compulsive collecting, poor organization skills, and difficulty discarding things, along with cognitive deficits in information processing speed, problems

excoriation

(or skin picking) refers to the particular compulsion of picking at one's skin, sometimes to the point of injury

Trichotillomania

(hair pulling) entails compulsively pulling at the hair from the scalp, eyebrows, and other body areas

body dysmorphic disorder

involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance.

depressive disorder

Mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression—an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.

major depressive disorder

involves a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks

pessimistic attributional style

Tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes

optimistic attributional style

Negative events are viewed as external, unstable, specific

bipolar disorder

extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

bipolar 1

very extreme manic episodes and may even hallucinate, seeing or hearing things that are not there

bipolar 2

less severe, involving a less extreme level of euphoria.

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder in which an individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern. The individual goes on an eating binge and then purges by self-induced vomiting or the use of laxatives

binge eating disorder

characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating

schizophrenia

severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered thought processes. These disordered thoughts are referred to as psychotic

psychosis

severely impaired psychological condition in which a person's thoughts and emotions are divorced from reality

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and disorders of movement

hallucination

sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli. Hallucinations are usually auditory—the person might complain of hearing voices—or visual

delusional

false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture

thought disorder

refers to the unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia

referential thinking

giving personal meaning to completely random events

neologism

new word or expression

word salad

loose word association

catatonia

state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

reflect the loss or decrease of normal functions; flat affect

flat affect

display of little or no emotion—a common negative symptom of schizophrenia.

cognitive symptoms

difficulty sustaining attention, problems holding information in memory, deficits in the ability to self-reflect, and inability to interpret information and make decisions

personality disorder

Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual's personality.

paranoid personality disorder

People with this disorder are always on the lookout for danger and the slightest social mistreatment. They may be socially isolated.

schizoid personality disorder

Extreme lack of interest in interpersonal relationships. People with this disorder are emotionally cold and apathetic, and they are generally detached from interpersonal life.

schizotypal personality disorder

Socially isolated and prone to odd thinking. People with this disorder often have elaborate and strange belief systems and attribute unusual meanings to life events and experiences.

antisocial personality disorder

Manipulative, deceitful, and amoral. People with this disorder lack empathy for others, are egocentric, and are willing to use others for their own personal gain.