PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

Judical Branch

Executive Branch

Legislative Branch

Three Branches of the government

Political Science

is the systematic study of governance and policies, political culture and activities, power relations and ideologies

Plato

What is politics According to ———" It is the heart of political science"

Politics is the study of affairs of the Policy

Robert Dahl

Politics is the existence of rules or authority within the state.

Government

One of the institutions involved in governance

Governance

Refers to the various ways through which social life is coordinated

Political theory

Deals with the different perspectives and ideas regarding politics and governance of different political philosopher

Political Methodology

Is more concerned upon the applications of political concepts into research and policy making

Comparative politics

Is about comparing various political systems and different constitutions among different countries through time

International relations

It concentrates on establishing and maintaining relations among countries through time

Law

It is basically any written statement that limits or guides the behavior of a certain group

-Art of Government

-Public Affairs

-Compromise and consensus

-Power

Four views of politics

Art of government

refers to all activities and processes that concern the affairs of the state

public affairs

the line between the public sphere and the non-political private sphere

Compromise and Consensus

the practice of conducting debates, deliberations and negotiations in resolving issues or conflicts concerning the state instead of waging war

power

ability to exert influence over others and struggle for the distribution of scarce resources

-Concepts

-Model

-theory

-Ideological

Tools of political analysis

ideology

prioritizes individual interests and the notions of freedom, liberty, rationalism, and equality

liberalism

his ideology prioritizes individual interests and the notions of freedom, liberty, rationalism, and equality

conservatism

this ideology rejects attempts for change and reforms to conserve the traditions, customs, and institutions.

Socialism

this ideology responds to the experience of systemic exploitation and social inequality by facilitating social change within a community.

Fascism

this ideology seeks to unite people for the glory of their nation and race.

Anarchism

this ideology rejects any dominant and coercive authority, like the state or religious institutions.

Feminism

this ideology critiques the inequality between males and females.

concept

a word or phrase that conveys a general idea to aid its exploration, understanding and analysis.

model

an analytical framework showing the relationships and interactions among different concepts and data.

theory

a systematic explanation of empirical data covering broader scope of a model

ideological tradition or paradigm

these are principles from philosophies or schools of thought that direct or guide the analysis of political phenomena

Individualism

Freedom

Rationalism

Equality

core element of liberalism

Tradition,

Pragmatism,

Human Imperfection,

Organicism,

Hierarchy,

Authority,

Property

Core elements of conservatism

Community

Fraternity

Social equality

Need social class common ownership

Core elements of socialism

Power

is the ability to achieve a desired outcome.

Instruments of Power

Instruments of Power

Power through the use of force

Power exercised using force aims to compel unknowing or unwilling participants to comply with the conditions or policies set by the authority.

Power through persuasion

involves the ability to convince people that a certain measure, action, or policy decision is correct and valid

Power through loyalty

is shown through the devotion of the constituents to the fulfillment of a leader or a person of authority's aspirations.

Dimensions of Power

Dimensions of Power

Decision-making power

involves deliberate measures and actions that can control or influence the content of decisions.

Non-decision-making power

is the ability to hinder decisions from being made.

Power as thought control

refers to the capability to influence others by shaping their thoughts and preferences.

types of power

types of power

hard power

primarily focuses on military interventions and economic sanctions to forward national interests or penalize state for deliberately committing action against other states.

soft power

is the capacity to use persuasion and other means of appeal and attraction to achieve a desired outcome

Authority

is the right to influence the behavior of others on the basis of an acknowledged duty to obey.

Types of Authority

Types of Authority

Traditional Authority

This type of authority is passed down from one generation to another

Charismatic Authority

The intrinsic qualities or charisma possessed by the leader rather from the public perception of these figures, be it heroic or inspirational

legal-rational authority

Its authority and legitimacy from the formulation and enforcement of rules instead of tradition or charisma.

State

is a defined territory with a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.

Elements of State

Elements of State

population

A state must have a permanent population residing within its borders. This population includes citizens and residents who form the basis of the state's society and labor force.

territory

A state must have defined and recognized geographic boundaries. These boundaries may be established through historical agreements, treaties, or international recognition. A clear territory is essential for exercising sovereignty and controlling the land and resources within.

Government

A state must have a system of governance, which includes the institutions and mechanisms responsible for making and enforcing laws, maintaining order, and representing the state in both domestic and international affairs. can take various forms, such as democracies, monarchies, republics, or authoritarian regimes.

Sovereignty

refers to the state's supreme and independent authority over its territory and population. A ____ state is not subject to external control or interference in its domestic affairs. It has the exclusive right to make decisions and govern itself.

Characteristics of Sovereignty

Characteristics of Sovereignty

Absolute

Sovereignty as supreme power over subjects and their possessions unrestrained by law.

Comprehensive

The sovereignty of a nation-state is comprehensive for its supreme legal authority extends to all - the citizens, aliens, associations or organizations within its boundaries.

Permanent

Sovereignty is perpetual in the sense that as long as the state exists, sovereignty also exists.

Indivisible

Act of sovereignty, every act in the name of the general will binds and favors all the citizens equally. The general will is the people's will and not particular individual will.

Types of State Sovereignty

Types of State Sovereignty

Legal Sovereignty

Supreme authority of the state expressed by the law and the constitution.

Political Sovereignty

It is also known as electoral sovereignty in the sense that this supreme authority of the state is exercise by the electorate in the choice of public officers at least during election time.

Popular Sovereignty

This authority means that the people are the ultimate source of power and so they possess coercive power to control the government through which they allow themselves to be governed.

De Facto Sovereignty

Is vested on a person or a group of person who have succeeded in displacing the legitimate sovereign.

De Jure Sovereignty

This means that sovereignty is formally expressed by the constitution and by the laws enacted conformably with its provisions.

Major Feature of State

Major Feature of State

The state is Sovereign

Only the state has the highest possible authority within its jurisdiction to enforce policy and regulate social behavior free from foreign intervention.

State institution are

Public

Public institutions are responsible for making and implementing policies and enforcing collective decisions that are of national interest.

The state is an exercise

In Legitimation.

Its legitimacy comes from the purpose of the state to make decisions in pursuit of the common good of its citizens.

The state is an instrument

of Domination

Which means that the state alone has the right to use physical force in cases such as punishment for failing to abide by the law.

The state is a

Territorial Association

State power, authority, and sovereignty are all practiced and bound within the confines of its territory

Forms of Government

Forms of Government

democracy

Define democracy as a government by the people.

Principles of democracy:

-Rule of law