axial skeleton and bone markings

parietal bones (2)

superior lateral walls of cranial cavity

temporal bones (2)

inferior lateral walls; house organs of inner ear

frontal bone

anterior portion of cranial cavity

occipital bone

posterior wall and part of the cranial cavity floor

sphenoid bone

floor of cranial cavity posterior to ethmoid

ethmoid bone

anterior portion of cranial cavity floor

coronal suture

joins frontal and parietal bones

saggital suture

joins parietal bones

lambdoid suture

joins both parietal bones with occipital bone

squamous sutures (2)

join temporal and parietal bones

maxilla

fused upper jaw bones

zygomatic bone (2)

cheek bones

lacrimal bone (2)

portion of orbit of eyes near nasal bones

nasal bone (2)

bridge of nose

inferior nasal conchae (2)

forms posterior lateral walls of nasal cavity

palatine bone (2)

fused bones that form posterior part of hard plate

mandible

lower jaw bone

vomer

inferior portion of nasal septum

supraorbital foramina

1 opening located above the orbit of each eye for supraorbital nerve and artery

supraorbital ridges or margins

thickening of frontal bone superior to orbit of each eye

external acoustic (auditory) meatus

tube like opening for the ear canal

mastoid process

rounded projection posterior to external acoustic meatus; attachment for muscles

styloid process

long, thin projection on inferior skull surface; attachment for muscles and ligaments of tongue and neck

zygomatic process

projection that articulates with the zygomatic bone

mandibular fossa

depression for articulation with condylar process (mandibular condyle)

foramen lacerum

jagged opening filled with cartilage in a living person

carotid foramen

foramen for internal carotid artery

jugular foramen

foramen for jugular vein and cranial nerves IX, X, XI

stylomastoid foramen

opening for an artery and cranial nerve VII

internal acoustic (auditory) meatus

opening for cranial nerve VIII

foramen magnum

opening through which spinal cord connects to lower brain

hypoglossal foramina

opening for cranial nerves XII

occipital condyles

rounded processes that articulate with the atlas (c1)

external occipital protuberance

projection at base of skull posterior to the foramen magnum

cribriform plates

one on either side of crest Galli; form roof of nasal cavity

crista galli

projection for attachment of membranes covering brain

olfactory foramina

tiny holes in cribriform plates for cranial nerve I

perpendicular plate

forms superior part of nasal septum

middle nasal conchae

scroll-like projections on each lateral wall of nasal cavity

superior nasal conchae

scroll-like projections on each lateral wall of nasal cavity

foramina ovale

openings for mandibular branch of cranial nerve V

foramina rotundum

openings for maxillary branch of cranial nerve V

sella turcica

bony projection that surrounds and projects pituitary gland

greater wing

form anterior and lateral floor of cranial cavity

lesser wing

form anterior and lateral floor of cranial cavity

optic foramina

openings for cranial nerve II

inferior orbital fissures

openings for blood vessels and nerves

superior orbital fissures

openings for blood vessels and cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI (ophthalmic branch)

pterygoid processes (medial)

wing-like projections on the base of the skill in the middle section of the sphenoid bone

pterygoid processes (lateral)

wing-like projections on the base of the skill in the middle section of the sphenoid bone

alveoli (maxilla)

tooth sockets

palatine process (maxilla)

fused processes that form the anterior part of hard palate

alveoli (mandible)

tooth sockets

body (mandible)

curved, anterior portion of mandible

mental foramina

openings in chin for nerves and blood vessels

rami (mandible)

posterior branches, one on either side of the body or the mandible

condylar processes (mandibular condyles)

rounded processes on rami that articulate with temporal bone at the mandibular fossa to form the TMJ

coronoid processes

triangular projections of rami anterior to the condylar processes

lacrimal fossa

canal that houses lacrimal sac; formed from the maxilla and lacrimal bone

temporal process

projects posteriorly; temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone form the zygomatic arch

zygomatic arch

projects posteriorly; temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone form the zygomatic arch

hyoid bone

vertebral column

cervical vertebrae

(c1-c7)

thoracic vertebrae

(t1-t12)

lumbar vertebrae

(l1-l5)

sacrum

coccyx

body of the vertebra

located anteriorly; is the largest of the vertebra

pedicle of the vertebra

attached to and extends posteriorly on either side of the body

transverse process

extends laterally from each pedicle

lamina

connects transverse processes to the spinous process

spinous process

projects posteriorly from fused lamina

vertebral arch

formed by the fusion of pedicles and laminae

vertebral foramen

large opening formed by the vertebral arch that protects the spinal cord

superior articular processes (with facets)

extend from the vertebra at the junction of the pedicle and lamina to articulate with a superior and inferior vertebra, respectively

inferior articular process (with facets)

extend from the vertebra at the junction of the pedicle and lamina to articulate with a superior and inferior vertebra, respectively

atlas

first cervical vertebra

superior articular facet

articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull

axis

second cervical vertebra

dens/odontoid process

tooth like protuberance on the axis

vertebra prominens

(c7) has a prominent single spinous process that protrudes at the base of the neck and can be seen and palpated

intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage present between vertebra that help cushion/absorb shock

annulus fibrosus

outer portion of the intervertebral discs and consists of tough fibrocartilage

nucleus pulposus

inner portion of the intervertebral discs and is soft and pulpy

intervertebral foramina

formed between adjacent vertebrae when vertebra are stacked on one another. spinal nerves exit the vertebral column through these foramina

base of the sacrum

broad superior portion

alae of the sacrum

two lateral wing-like projections

sacral promontory

protrudes anteriorly from the base. an important landmark in female during labor and delivery

sacral foramina

provides exits for spinal nerves

sacral canal

a continuation of the vertebral canal, located posterior to the body of the sacrum

sacral hiatus

inferior opening of the sacral canal, is due to failure of the lamina of the 5th sacral vertebrae (and sometimes 4th) to fuse

superior articular processes (sacrum) (2)

has facets that articulate with the 5th lumbar vertebra are located on either side of the opening of the sacral canal

auricular surfaces

lateral surfaces of the sacrum that are roughened to articulate with the iliac portion of the os coxa on each side

sacroiliac joints

auricular surfaces are roughened to articulate with the iliac portion of the os coxa on each side, forming sacroiliac joints

coccyx

the vertebral column ends with this. tiny fused vertebrae of the coccyx are attached to the sacrum with ligaments

kyphosis

exaggerated thoracic curve that results in a hunched back with rounded shoulders

lordosis

exaggerated lumbar curve that appears as a swayback with the abdomen protruding anteriorly

scoliosis

vertebral column bends laterally

thoracic cage

composed of sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae