Bio 2 Final - Anderson

Bacteria have \_____ regions of nucleic acids

circular

The bacteria domain is homoplasious and \____ because it is based mostly on form and function

not informative

Viral \_____ can only occur when their genome hijacks a host cell and tricks it into producing more viruses

replication

These arms share an evolutionary history, they evolved from an ancestral feature. Therefore they are \______ structures

homologous

Natural selection is the force that creates speciation events, the environment is applying pressure on an organisms ___ but ultimately it is creating changes in the ____ frequency which lead to evolution

phenotype; genotype

These appendages do not share an evolutionary history, they evolved from different features. Therefore they are \____ structure

analogous

which trait shows that the Great apes diverged from the gibbons and formed a sister clade

self recognition

Phylogenic trees are hypothetical explanations depicting \____ and \____ events

speciation; extinction

Which are paradigm shifts

Germ theory, Pangea, Solar System

Which biologist first proposed a phylogenetic tree on common descent and shared characteristics

Charles Darwin

A phylogenic tree that hypothesizes the fewest changes is said to be most

parsimonious

The ancestral or \____ branch has the least derived characters

basal

Which group of organisms famously went extinct during a mass extinction event

dinosaurs

Mass extinction events lead to at least a decline in the total number of species

60%

Before the first cells could escape the microwaves, what structure had to form

cell membrane

When finding potential sites where life could have began, you should ask this question

Was there energy here, were the macromolecules protected, were the precursor molecules concentrated here

Which metapatterns played the biggest role in the origin of life.

Borders, Centers, Networks

Darwin thought that the first life on earth probably formed on \_____

Shorelines and mudflats

Is a term that refers to similarities among various species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor

Homology

Placing whales and hippos in the same clade means that

They had a common ancestor

What is the most important function of probiotics

Aid in Digestion

The \____ hypothesis suggests that viruses escaped from protocells or early simple cells

Progressive

Eukarya are nested within what was historically archaea, this creates a \_____ 3 domain tree of life

Paraphyletic

Early theory that placed animals in a hierarchy with humans on top

Great Chain of Being

A node on a phylogenic tree represents

Branching, speciation event

The LUCA is the first \____ on the tree of life

Node

The oldest crystals on earth contain zircon, which is based on the decay of

Uranium -238

Researchers could estimate the age of the fossil based on

The amount of Uranium 238 in volcanic layers surrounding the fossil

What substance polymerized or formed on a clay substrate

RNA

What way provides a way to date really old objects

Radioactive Decay

Life began appearing or at least occurred soon after \____ became abundant on the surface of earth

Water

When mixed species aggregation of cells covers a surface it creates a

Biofilm

The microbiome of human skin contains \_____ and some fungi

Actinobacteria

\_____ bacteria are harmful to humans or pathogenic

Few

A clade must include the \______ and \_____ descendates to be monophlectic

Most recent common ancestor, all of its

Linking evidence from ecology, evolution, genetics, geology to explain biodiversity is

Modern Synthesis

A set of characteristics that define a clade are known as

Synapomorphies

In the microcaves in the deep ocean, what compound was the substratre for the first metabolic proccess

Fe-S

Materials, energy, and conditions were conductive to form macromolecules, the original material is called

Primordial soup

Neathendrals and humans had common traits, this is explained by

Common Descent

Origin of all matter began approximately in

Big Bang

Communal reproduction in bacteria occurs inside

Fruiting bodies

Bacteria in root nodules are \______ and greatly increase agricultural yields

Nitrogen Fixers

Which would make for a good outgroup to the apes, when building their phylogeny

Rhesus Monkey (Old world primate)

Which event stimulated the rapid development of eukaryotes?

Addition of oxygen to the atmosphere

Bacteria use \_____ to recombine genes

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Gram staining works to differentiate the complexity of bacterial

Cell wall chemistry

Where was the LUCA most likely formed

Microcaves under the sea

Which of the following statements support(s) the theory of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids?
I) Mitochondria and plastids have circular DNA and replicate by splitting.
II) Mitochondria and plastids have ribosomes.
III) Mitochondrial and plastid ribosomal RNA sequences are more similar to cytoplasmic ribosomes than to bacterial ones.
IV) The inner membranes of plastids and mitochondria have transport proteins homologous to those in bacterial plasma membranes.
a. I only
b. I , II, and III
c. I and II only
d. I, II, and IV

d. I, II, and IV

Eukaryotes are monophyletic and all contain \_____, which stores and protects their genetic information.

Nuclei

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of

d. Secondary endosymbiosis.

In a sample of pond water, a new organism is identified with the following characteristics: It consists of 70 cells surrounded by rigid cell walls that join the cells together. Inside each of these identical cells are mitochondria and chloroplasts. Such an organism would most likely be classified as a

b. colonial photosynthetic eukaryote.

All protists are

c. Eukaryotic

Photosynthesis converts \____ energy into \____ energy stored in sugars

d. Solar; Chemical

Climate research indicates that anthropogenic activities \___ atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

c. Increase

Carbon fixation is catalyzed, sped up, by \____ a very abundant enzyme.

d. Rubisco

Photosynthesis creates \___ gas as a byproduct.

d. oxygen

Which of the following statements about the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is correct?

c. Cellular respiration is catabolic and photosynthesis is anabolic.

Because the monocots lack \____, it is more difficult for them to grow into true giant sizes, but the "bamboos" are functionally trees in their environments?

c. Secondary growth

The water potential in the plants roots is generally \___ than in the leaves.

c. higher

The world's largest flower grows on the jungle flower, is \____ and pollinated by \____.

d. Parasitic; Carrion Flies

Transpiration moves water from \_____ water potential, and thus \_____ cost the plant energy.

c. High to low; does not

The outer layer of all plants is composed of dermal tissue or \_____.

a. epidermis

Plants must defend against attacks from insects and other herbivores. Which of these materials or resources is derived from a plant defensive tactic?

a. rubber or latex

The cuticle of land plants is composed primarily of \____ and prevents \___ of water.

b. Wax; loss

The evolution of Land Plants favors the:

b. Sporophyte dominance; gametophyte reduction

The major adaptation which fully cemented plants colonization of land and gives us the millions of varieties we see today was:

d. Sex inside the cone or flower

What characteristics are shared by all land plants? Select all that apply

Cuticle
Alternation of Generations
Spores with tough outer coat
Mycorrhizal symbionts
Multicellular 2N embryo

Which scientist is most credited with explaining how organelles contain their own DNA and have internal membranes?

a. Margulis

Which statement is correct with regard to the comparison of secondary endosymbiosis to primary endosymbiosis?

c. In secondary endosymbiosis, an entire free-living alga is ingested into the food vacuole of a heterotrophic eukaryote.

Colonial protists, like Volvox, provide evidence for the evolution of \____.

b. Multicellularity

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

c. when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protocell

What does scientific evidence indicate to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth?
1. origin of mitochondria
2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes
3. origin of chloroplasts
4. origin of cyanobacteria
5. origin of fungal-plant symbiosesd.

d. 4, 1, 3, 2, 5

Plants try to maximize \______, by decreasing energy needed for vs. energy created by photosynthesis.

c. Growth potential

Which color is most reflected in a green plant?

a. Green

The \___ are the site of most photosynthesis in plants.

c. Chloroplasts

Rubisco, an \____, is capable of speeding up the rate of photosynthesis in most plants.

a. Enzyme

The transport of water goes within the gradient from root to shoot, in dead \____ cells.

b. xylem

Guard cells are responsible for opening and closing the \_____ on the leaves, this allows for gas exchange and provides the resources for photosynthesis.

c. Stoma or Stomata

The massive General Sherman tree in California, is over 100m tall and may weigh millions of pounds, but it is an independent \____ .

a. Sporophyte

Plant leaves can be modified based on the evolutionary pressures facing the plant. In xerophytic plants, it is common to see the leaves modified into:

a. Spines

Plants must dynamically respond to threats (predators, parasites, and pathogens). Which of these is not a strategy to defend the plant?

c. Carnivorous Leaves

Humans and all other mammals have a(n) \______ life cycle.

a. Diploid Dominant

Commonalities to both charophytes and vascular land plants include
I. sporopollenin.
II. lignin.
III. xylem
IV. cellulose.
V. chlorophyll b.

c. I, II, IV, and V only

Most evidence suggests that \___ were incorporated into eukaryotes first.

b. Mitochondria

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral photosynthetic cyanobacterium?

a. chloroplast

The \____ explains how some organelles have internal membranes and their own DNA.

d. Endosymbiont Theory

Which of the following statements concerning protists is correct?

a. All protists have mitochondria, although in some species they are much reduced and known by different names.

Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gathers at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die; and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae.Which term best describes the symbiotic relationship of well-fed P. bursaria with their zoochlorellae?

d. Mutualistic

The molecules that absorb light energy are \_____.

b. Pigments

During the \____ carbon dioxide is converted into larger carbon chains or sugars.

a. Calvin cycle

Plants that partition their photosynthetic pathways temporally are known as \___ plants

c. CAM

Because sugars and other substances are selectively added to and removed from phloem, its cells must be \_____, and transport in phloem \_____ require energy.

c. Alive; does

The stomatal crypts of xerophytes can contain \____-like structures. These help to prevent water loss.

a. Hair

Vascular bundle arrangement is variable, with early plants having a central system and the more advanced land plants showing two distinct arrangements, \____ in the Gymnosperms and Eudicots and \___ bundles in Monocots

c. Rings; Scattered

The first vascular plants had:

b. Stems with a central vascular cylinder

Land plants have symbiotic interactions with soil \____ that create mycorrhizas. These interactions increase \____ and therefore \_____.

c. Fungi; Surface Area; Metabolism

The first land plants resembled Bryophytes and were similarly small and limited to moist environments. The emergence of plants with \____ allowed for rapid colonization of land and rapid vertical growth.

d. Vascular Tissue

On average eukaryotic cells are many times \___ than bacterial cells.

d. Larger

Which of these plants is adapted fro xerohytic conditions?

b. Saguaro Cactus