ch.11

HRT

hormone replacement therapy

PSA

prostate-specific antigen

STD

sexually transmitted disease

reproduction

process by which genetic material is passed from one generation to the next.

gonads

includes testes and ovaries

function in the production of reproductive cells: spermatozoa (sperm) and ova (eggs)

genitalia

reproductive organs particularly those external to the body

gon/o

genitals or reproduction

gyneco+logy

the study of diseases of the female reproductive organs

gyneco+logist

A doctor who specializes in the female reproductive system

cervic/o

cervix

colp/o, vagin/o

vagina

gynec/o

female

hyster/o, uter/o

uterus

metr/o (occasionally metr/i)

uterine tissue

oophor/o, ovar/o

ovary

salping/o

uterine/fallopian tube

vulv/o

vulva (external genitalia)

-cidal

killing

cyst/o, vesic/o

bladder, cyst, or sac

genit/o

genitals

gonad/o

genitals or reproduction

men/o

month

-plasia

development or formation

rect/o

rectum

urethr/o

urethra

urin/o

urine

vulva

external female genitalia

what's included in the vulva?

Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, opening for glands

clitoris

small mass of erectile tissue

labia majora

the larger outer skin folds of the vulva.

labia minora

Smaller pair of skin folds that protect the vaginal opening

mons pubis

pad of fatty tissue overlying the pubic bone

female internal genitalia

left ovary and associated left uterine tube

right ovary and associated left uterine tube

uterus

vagina

special glands

uterine/fallopian tube or oviducts

transport the ova to the uterus (womb)

vagina

aka the birth canal

receives the sperm during intercourse

uterus

provides nourishment from the time the fertilized egg is implanted until birth

mamm/o

breast

ovar/o

ovary

endo+metr+ium

tissue that forms the lining of the uterus

myometrium

thick muscular tissue of the uterus

perimetrium

membrane that surrounds the uterus

ovulation

release of the ovum from the ovary

cervical

pertains either to the neck itself or to the cervix, which is the neck of the uterus

estrogen and progesterone

produced in the ovaries

responsible for the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, preparation of the uterus for pregnancy, and develop-ment of the mammary glands.

puberty

the period of life at which the capability of reproduction begins: Genitalia mature and secondary sex characteristics appear (in females, these include adult dis-tribution of hair, development of the breasts, and the start of menstruation).

Menstruation

the discharge of a bloody fluid from the uterus at fairly regular intervals, approximately once each month, from puberty to menopause.

ceases temporarily during pregnancy and breastfeeding and perma-nently with the onset of menopause (unless hormones are administered).

climacteric or menopause

marks the end of a woman's reproductive period.

menses or menstruation

the sloughing off of the endometrium that has been prepared to receive a fertilized ovum but is not needed.

vaginal speculum

an instrument that can be pushed apart after it is inserted into the vagina to allow examination of the cervix and the walls of the vagina.

speculum

an instrument for examining body orifices (openings) or cavities.

Pap smear (aka Papanicolaou smear or test)

material is collected from areas of the body that shed cells. The cells are then studied microscopically.

cytology

the study of cells

dysplasia

abnormality in the shape, growth, and number of cells that may be seen in a Pap smear.

colpo+scopy

involves the use of a low-power microscope to magnify the mucosa of the vagina and cervix. Uses a *colposcope*

laparo+scopy

is the examination of the abdominal cavity through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall. This surgical procedure is especially useful for inspection of structures within the pelvic cavity and for collection of biopsy specimens and in certain types of surgery.

Uses a *laparoscope*

hystero+scopy

direct visual inspection of the cervical canal and uterine cavity, using an endoscope passed through the vagina.

hystero+salpingo+gram

an x-ray image of the uterus and uterine tubes using a radiopaque substance introduced through the cervix

hysterosalpin+gography

the procedure in which a hysterosalpingogram is produced.

contraception

prevention of pregnancy

Menstrual irregularities

amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia

amenorrehea

Absence of menstrual flow when it is normally expected.

dysmenorrhea

painful menstruation

menorrhagia

excessive menstrual flow

metrorrhagia

Bleeding from the uterus at any time other than during the menstrual period.

cervical polyp

Fibrous or mucous stalked tumor of the cervical mucosa (lining)

cervicocolpitis

inflammation of the cervix and vagina

colpitis

inflammation of the vagina; same as vaginitis

cystocele

Herniation or protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina

endometriosis

Condition in which tissue that somewhat resembles the endometrium is found abnormally in various locations in the pelvic cavity.

endometritis

inflammation of the endometrium

fistula

Abnormal, tubelike passage between two internal organs or between an internal organ and the body surface.

rectovaginal fistula

an abnormal opening between the rectum and the vagina.

vesicovaginal fistula

an abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina

hysteroptosis

prolapse of the uterus

myoma

Common benign fibroid tumor of the uterine muscle.

oophoritis

inflammation of an ovary

oophorosalpingitis

inflammation of an ovary and its uterine tube

ovarian carcinoma

Cancer of an ovary, a malignancy that is rarely detected in the early stage and usually is far advanced when diagnosed

ovarian cyst

Sac filled with fluid or semisolid mate-rial that develops in or on the ovary and is usually benign.

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Infection of the upper genital organs beyond the cervix, often involving the peritoneum and intestines.

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Syndrome of nervous tension, irritability, weight gain, edema, headache, painful breasts, sleep changes, and other symptoms occurring a few days before the onset of menstruation.

salpingitis

inflammation of the uterine tube

salpingocele

hernial protrusion of a uterine tube

uterine cancer

Any malignancy of the uterus, includ-ing the cervix or endometrium. The extent of tumor spread is described, ranging from stage 0 (limited to the cervical mucosa) to stage IV (tumor has spread beyond the pelvis or to the adjacent organs).

uterine fibroid

The most common benign tumor occurring within the uterus, and may cause general enlargement of the lower abdomen.

leiomyoma

general enlargement of the lower abdomen

lei/o

refers to smooth muscle cells

vulvitis

inflammation of the vulva

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

a method of fertilizing the ova outside the body by collecting mature ova and placing them in a dish with spermatozoa before placing them in the uterus for implantation. IVF may be successful when failure to conceive is caused by insufficient numbers of sperm.

increased the chance of multiple births.

tubal ligation

female sterilization